Equity of Access in the Australian Healthcare System

Equity of Access in the Australian Healthcare System The Concept of Equity of Access in the Australian Healthcare System The Australian health care system is founded on the concept of equity of Access. Discuss this Statement with relation to the concepts of Effectiveness and efficiency and any interrelation that may exist. Introduction: As Stated in National Health Reform Agreement-Equity of Access is the fundamental base of the Australian Health Care System (DHA. 2013a). Effectiveness, which focuses on ratio of outputs to outcomes and efficiency, which defines as achieving maximum outputs with available inputs or resources, these are other elementary component of the Australian Health Care System. Equity, effectiveness and efficiency these represents ideal health care system, which tends be effective and efficient and able to achieve the efficacy (specified outcomes) in a way that maximize access (distribution); Productivity (output) and outcomes within the resource provided (NHHRC. 2009. P.4). Responsibilities like funding, delivery regulation is shared by the national state government of Australia makes the Australian Health Care system universally accessible within the people (AIHW, 2000). Public hospitals community care funding is joined effort of common wealth (i.e. federal government), states territories where common wealth use its revenue and tax to fund most of hospital medical service health research (Common wealth Department of Health age care, 2000). Since 1990’s National State health Minister worked alongside of many health care professional to develop a certain Universal framework to assessing the Australian health system (NHPC, 2000). A new framework for measurement of Australian health performance was inspired from Canadian Health information Roadmap Initiative Indicator framework, which was commenced by NHPC (NHPC, 2001). Equity: Equity in health and health care with context of social objective can be defined in many different ways. As Amarty sen argued, when we talk equity we forget to ask on fundamental question ‘equity of what?’ (Sen, A.,1992). But for the context of our knowledge and study we base our understanding on the definition of culyer wagstaff, ‘the appropriate positive criteria for mormative judgement regarding equity in distribution of health and health care is equality of health status and health care access (Culyer, A.J., Wagstaff, A., 1993). By adding the equality in the process of equity gives the sense of clear fairness to the consumer. But equality is not equity; equality is just simply described as similarity of status, capacity and opportunity. Equity is an ethical value. A unequal opportunity of being healthy associated by people in socially less privileged groups such as poor people, different racial people to others native land, religious ethnic group, women and rural resident is reduced by equity in health ( Braverman, P. Gruskin, S., 2003). Further Braverman et.al stated that the equity in health pursued by eliminating disparities of health that are connected with certain social disadvantage or marginalized or disfranchised community and group within, but may not be limited to the poor. This definition argues for need for the health care services by individuals which is completely result of both of their medical condition and their social condition. As we know the problem of health care system is not only related to the inequity in health. According to Mathews, social, cultural and educational and more or less classical medical causes are related to the poor health of the indigenous Australian (Mathews, C., 2003). Equity of Access: Equity in health has been spoken and written frequently by many economist but they never tends to do or continue to do more consistently, clearly passionately. As Gavin Mooney stated, ‘equity means equal access to equal care for equal needs,’ (Gavin, M., 2003). Since 1960’s quest for equity in health has been major issue and concern to Australian health care system. The introduction of Medibank in 1975 and reinstatement as Medicare in 1984 was the most significant development in term of equity of access after the access of financial barrier (Scotton, R. B., Macdonald, C. R., 1993). The equity of health service and the consultation time frame for consumer of lower socio-economic status and consumer of high socio-economic status doesn’t shorten by breaking and disappearance of financial barrier (Furler, J.S., et.al 2002). The result in context of other dimension of equity is not good. Access of health care (both primary and hospital care) in term of geograp hical equity is significantly different between urban and rural area. Fewer doctors per 1000 population in rural Australia relative to urban area is the best example to describe the complex nature of geographic equity in simple. Rural communities considered access of specialist service, access to hospital service to be a problem due to traveling of significant distance to gain and access those service. Equity of Outcome: Environmental factor and the quality of health care provided equally affects the result of equity of outcomes. Major Policy attention is needed by the appalling health status of our Aboriginal Torres strait Islander population is one of the best example is equity of outcomes. By action in health sector will not remedied the factor Affecting health status, issue of dignity, identity and justice should be the strategy for the improvement of the health status of Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander. Reconciliation is one of the key elements required for progress further (Jackson, L.R., Ward, J.E., 1999). Efficiency: What is efficiency? According to Farrell efficiency is production of maximum amount of outputs from given amount of input or alternatively minimum input quantities producing a given amount of output (Farrell, M.J. 1957). It is referred as to a concrete goal oriented index indicating how well socially desirable health system is achieved desirable. Health Service efficiency is also considered to be great important dimension of quality health because service affordability is affected by it with the context of limited available resources in health care. Efficient service means providing optimal service and care to patient and community rather than maximum care to patient and community; it is about providing greatest benefit with available resource (Brown, L.D., et.al 1992). One of the key criteria for evaluating the health care system is efficiency. According to the economic point of view, efficiency divided into two key elements; allocative efficiency and technical efficiency. Allocative efficiency: To provide best outcomes health care system dependent on distribution and allocation of resources; technical efficiency, effectiveness and priority are involved in the process of best outcomes. The optimized ratio of outputs to outcomes, which is also known as effectiveness is the second key element of allocative efficiency. The priority setting in term of overall ratio of inputs to outcomes is the third and last element of allocative efficiency. Technical efficiency: Flexibility and adaptability to change and innovation of health care system as a whole and as its constituent elements, is known as technical efficiency. Development of casemix measure for hospital services by palmer was a unique contribution both nationally and internationally (Palmer, G.R., et al, 1986; Palmer, G.R., 1991). Over last decades significant improvement in allocative efficiency was achieved after introduction of casemix funding in Victoria in 1993 (Duckett, S.J., 1995). There have been constantly adaptations of new technologies (like drugs, surgical instrument, surgical technique and diagnostic instrument technique) since the development of Australian Health Care system. Over the decades of increase in publication and citation, Australia has been able to build up strong and dynamic medical research system (Butler, L., 2001). Comprise of allocative efficiency technical efficiency gives ‘overall efficiency’, firm can operate on cost or revenue frontier if i t’s able to achieve overall efficiency. Effectiveness: It acts as a key dimension for achieving desirable outcomes with correct provision of evidence based health care service to all who couldn’t benefit, but not to those who would not benefit (Aran, O.A., et.al 2003; WHO, 2000). Donabedian argued then effectiveness is the extent to which attainable improvements in health are in fact attained (Donabedian, A., 2002; Donabedian, A., 1982). In same way Juran Godfrey argued effectiveness to be the degree to the process which result in desired outcomes without any error (Juran, J. Godfrey, A.B., 1999). The ratio of output to outcome is optimized by effectiveness. Out of number of elements, ‘efficacy’ act as one of key component to the certain extent of which health care sector output leads to the ideal outcomes under best ideal condition (Cochrane, A.L., 1972). The major objective is to ensure the actual effectiveness (in term of ratio of outputs to actual outcomes) which helps to move closer to objective. Effectiveness is the dimension of Australian Health Care which explicitly includes time element, so we can evaluate whether the health intervention are primarily achieve the desired and appropriate outcome within the time frame. The interventions are the care must be provided to people most needed is advocated and supported by effectiveness framework. Early detection and prevention performance within a population area is the indicators for the effectiveness. Effectiveness conceptualize framework of health care system as dimension of performance where â€Å"care/intervention/action† achieves the desired result in an appropriate time frame (NHPC, 2001). Norms and specification at central level defines effectiveness to be an important dimension of quality. Effectiveness issue should be handle in local level too, where manager implement norms and work on how to adapt them to local condition. Actual outcomes (effectiveness) for an intervention or system is affected by numerous factor like the care system design, surrounding environment of discharge patient, safety of device manufactured pharmaceuticals used and care quality. Proof of evidence of significant level of preventable adverse events occurring in hospital leading to drastic outcomes can be provided by the quality in Australian health care study (Wilson, R.M.et al., 1995). As stated by McDermott, it is suggested that large number of death related to trauma can be preventable or potentially are preventable, which is has be documented after analysis of care following trauma (McDermott, F.T.et al., 1996). These study shows that there are important effectiveness issues in Australian healthcare system with respect to quality of care and it can be described as inability to provide high-quality care. Interaction between equity, efficiency and effectiveness: The concept of equity, effectiveness and efficiency in term of health input and its outcomes are internationally tackle by WHO and OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) to reflect an economic way of thinking. Due to growing concern about safety, service delivery and quality of patient care there have been interesting trends of implicit and explicit link between the concept of equity, efficiency and effectiveness, which is understandable (Berwick, D.M., 1998). As we know second element of allocative efficiency is optimized ration of outputs to outcomes which is also known as effectiveness. Which shows that efficiency and effectiveness are linked and interacted? After the implementation of equity, sick individuals who seek help have their need meet. The value of treatment provided by health service organization is equally distributed to the people in need. With the equity you are not judge or treated and cared on the basis of your fame, fortune, you ability to p ay. When the resource is equally distributes between the need of people then equity taken an affect and when there is the equity then we can evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care service of that organization or of any country. Conclusion: Health policy where attributes and value plays prominent role, ideological driven problem related to it are inevitable as part of the policy. Perception of problem is affected by attributes and value which plays significant role in policy academics so as to attempt to shape public debate for making rational and reality based perception. There are many problem identified in the context of equity of access in the Australian healthcare system based on efficiency and effectiveness by many writers like Palmer, Wilson, McDermott, Jackson wards, Farrell and many more; even the solution to that problem have been presented by them but we haven’t yet identify the problem and adopted the solution presented by them. But important aspect is that progress are being made and hopefully health care system will experience continuous improvement in near future. References : Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2000). Australia’s Health 2000. Canberra Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2008). Australia’s Health 2008, Canberra Arah, O. A., Klazinga, N. S., Delnoij, D. M. J., Ten Asbroek, A. H. A., Custers, T. (2003). Conceptual frameworks for health systems performance: a quest for effectiveness, quality, and improvement.International Journal for Quality in Health Care,15(5), 377-398. Berwick, D. M. (1998). Developing and testing changes in delivery of care.Annals of Internal Medicine,128(8), 651-656. Braveman, P., Gruskin, S. (2003). Poverty, equity, human rights and health. Bulletin of the World Health organization,81(7), 539-545 Brown, L. D., Franco, L. M., Rafeh, N., Hatzell, T. (1992).Quality assurance of health care in developing countries. Quality assurance project. Butler, L. (2001).Monitoring Australias Scientific Research: Partial indicators of Australias research performance. Australian Academy of Science. Canberra Cochrane, A. L. (1972). Effectiveness and Efficiency (Rock Carling Fellowship, 1971).Nuffield Provincial Hospitals Trust. Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, (2000). Australian Health Care Agreements Annual Performance Reports 1998–1999. Canberra: Common Wealth of Australia. Culyer, A. J., Wagstaff, A. (1993). Equity and equality in health and health care.Journal of health economics,12(4), 431-457. Department of Health (DHA) (2013). National Health Reform Agreement. Donabedian, A. (1982). Explorations in quality assessment and monitoring. Vol. 2. The criteria and standards of quality.Ann Arbor, MI: Health Administration Press. Donabedian, A. (2002).An introduction to quality assurance in health care. Oxford University Press. Duckett, S. J. (1995). Hospital payment arrangements to encourage efficiency: the case of Victoria, Australia.Health Policy,34(2), 113-134. Farrell, M. J. (1957). The measurement of productive efficiency.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series A (General), 253-290. Furler, J. S., Harris, E., Chondros, P., Davies, P. P., Harris, M. F., Young, D. Y. (2002). The inverse care law revisited: impact of disadvantaged location on accessing longer GP consultation times.Medical Journal of Australia,177(2), 80-83. Jackson, L. R., Ward, J. E. (1999). Aboriginal health: why is reconciliation necessary?.The Medical Journal of Australia,170(9), 437-440. Juran, J., Godfrey, A. B. (1999). Quality Handbook.Republished McGraw-Hill. Matthews, C. (2003). Caught in a vicious cycle.Australian Medicine,15(12),16. McDermott, F. T., Cordner, S. M., Tremayne, A. B. (1996). Evaluation of the medical management and preventability of death in 137 road traffic fatalities in Victoria, Australia: an overview.Journal of Trauma-Injury, Infection, and Critical Care,40(4), 520-535. Mooney, G. H. (2003).Economics, medicine and health care. 3rd ed. London: Pearson Education. National Health and Hospitals Reform Commission. (2009). A healthier future for all Australians: Final report of the national health and hospitals reform commission. National Health Performance Committee (NHPC) (2000). Fourth National Report on Health Sector Performance Indicators – A Report to the Australian Health Ministers’ Conference. Sydney: New South Wales Health Department National Health Performance Committee (NHPC) (2001). National Health Performance FrameWork Report. Brisbane: Queensland Health. Palmer, G. R., Aisbett, C., Reid, B., Jayawardena, Y. (1986). The validity of Diagnosis Related Groups for use in Victorian public hospitals: report to the Department of Health, and of Management and the Budget.Victoria, Kensington, University of New South Wales. Palmer, G. R. (1991). The use of DRGs in the management and planning of hospital services.Australian Economic Review,24(1), 62-70. Scotton, R. B., Macdonald, C. R. (1993).The making of Medibank(No. 76). School of Health Services Management, University of New South Wales. Sen, A. (1992).Inequality reexamined. Oxford University Press. Wilson, R. M., Runciman, W. B., Gibberd, R. W., Harrison, B. T., Newby, L., Hamilton, J. D. (1995). The quality in Australian health care study.Medical Journal of Australia,163(9), 458-471. World Health Organization. (2000).The world health report 2000: health systems: improving performance. World Health Organization.

My first day in an English speaking school Essay

I thought back, to everything, everything that had happened and where it all had started. Here, it had started here. Memories flooded back, memories of people, memories of places, memories of†¦ of everything. With one last look around I took a deep breath and boarded the aeroplane, I was ready. I arrived the day before the start of the second semester. Though my things had arrived almost a week before, but I had been content living out of a suitcase if it meant I could spend more time at home. I sighed and looked around; they had tried to make the room nice, though from what I was feeling, all I wanted was my bed, in my flat, in my country. Looking around once more, I saw framed pictures of words- English, of course- I could not really read them. I felt betrayed, like someone had mocking me by putting them there. I was crying, I couldn’t stop; everything felt like it was cracking, falling apart at the seams. I had never felt so alone; I wasn’t close to anyone, not to my dad, step mom, brother, I didn’t feel I would ever be close to anyone. I fell to sleep feeling hopeless, alone, and desperate. Almost an hour later, someone was knocking on my door, calling my name. The voice was soft and American, blending the syllables of my name; I was being called to dinner. When I arrived downstairs, I found the food prepared was not too different from that of my home, I was at least a bit comforted because of that. While having dinner, my step mother and brother tried to converse with me, because I had prided myself in knowing a bit of English. I soon found out this was not the case, when they would speak, it was slurred and natural; when I spoke, it was halted and awkward. My accent impeded some of pronunciation, I sounded like an infant. While the conversation was stilted, I felt at least a bit more at home. Before sleeping, my father informed me that I would be attending American school; I would have a translator until I could speak with more fluency. When I arrived at the school, my father couldn’t accompany me into it, so I had to try to find my way to the office, explain myself, and make homeroom before the bell; needless to say, I was a bit worried. I found the office after using a translating app on my phone. In order to make the women in the office understand me, I had to once again use my translating app, after understanding my situation; they called my translator, who I learned was  called Mary. When Mary and I had finally met, I felt a great relief at having someone to talk to, while Mary was still very American, it was nice to have a person who spoke French around. My first class was ironically English; I went in late because they had wanted to check that I could understand a bit of English, seeing as my first period was English. When I arrived in the class, the teacher asked me to introduce myself, before I had even reached my seat; not realising she was talking to me, I ignored her until Mary told me what she saying. I turned around and quietly tried to stammer out my name. The teacher didn’t understand why I wouldn’t speak up. When Mary explained my situation, the teacher understood and tried to apologise. I was so embarrassed and tired at that point, I didn’t even care, I just took my seat and tried to understand what was going on. Second period was at least a little bit better; I had maths, so I could actually understand what the teacher was saying (for the most part). Third period was different, because I had never had American history. Because I had come into the class in the middle of the year, I had to try to catch up to the rest of the class. In her between discussions of the twenties, the teacher would have to pause because Mary would have to translate for me. This whole process made the class seem very long, and tedious, and the teacher was annoyed by the end. At the very end of the class, the teacher came over to talk to me. I was very surprised when she started speaking French, even more so when she explained to me that she had grown up in France and was therefore fluent. She proceeded to tell me that in order to accommodate for my English as a second language, she would print out her lectures in both French and English. I was delighted, seeing as none of the other teachers had offered to accommodate for my situation. I went to my next class feeling much happier. Entering my next class, I found that it was actually a French class I had been signed up for. French was the highlight of my day, I could understand what the teacher was saying (even if she butchered the pronunciation), the people tried to talk to me, and I didn’t feel completely isolated. After French was lunch, in France we had assigned lunch tables, and when I turned to ask Mary where to sit, I found she had already taken her lunch break. When I entered the cafà ©, I found that people had already saved seats for me; I had the pick of the cafà ©. I finally sat with some people I recognised from French class; almost immediately they started  asking me where I was from, and why I not speak English. When I had settled in and tried to comprehend what they were saying, I tried to answer in English. When I finally figured out what I would say, I stammered out something like this, â€Å"France, en Paris, where I live.† Everyone thought it was just brilliant that I had an accent, and proceeded to try to imitate it. I was a bit overwhelmed, as it was a lot to take in; people were just talking away in English, while I was just there, smiling and nodding. When you don’t understand the language, everything gets very confusing, very fast. By the end of lunch, I had started to come to terms with using English instead of French, though I was still not completely comfortable. When lunch was over, I had to head to another building where my orchestra class was to be held. When I got there, I found that I was in a senior orchestra class, which I thought meant it would be simple and easy for me. I was surprised to learn that, there was no one my age, and that I was the youngest in the class. Ironically enough, the first song we would be playing was Offenbach’s Chanson de Fortunio, a very French piece to play. I learned later, the teacher had apparently picked it for me, because both it and I were French. After hearing me play just the Offenbach, the teacher had me moved to first chair, the best place to play cello. Orchestra was by far the best class for me, that day. After my double period of orchestra, I had natural science; science was a fine class to end the day with, because for me the Latin terminology and â€Å"learning† the metre system was a breeze. Science moved into an x period, for studying, or in my case, ESL help. All ESL help was, was help with English fluency. After the x period, it was time to go home. All in all, my first day at an English speaking school was not as bad as I expected.

Facebook A Non Replicable Competitive Advantage

According to Marketline.com, Facebook Incorporated is one of the social networking which enables users to share their pictures, videos, activities and opinions. The company’s reach is a non-replicable competitive advantage that can be explored to the advertisers’ curiousness. However, significant competition may impact its user base and level of user engagement, making it less attractive to developers and marketers, so the bad thing will affect its revenue and results of operations. From there we can tell the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of Facebook’s company. From Facebook page information, in 2004 they found that Facebook’s mission is to give their users a power that they can share their things, connected to the world, and explored their world in their mind. With me, yes, their mission is correct because some of my friends in middle school did not contact each other for a long time we found our friends again by â€Å"Suggested Friends† option on Facebook. Facebook helps people know more of what the world is doing by other users sharing things they are interested in. Starting with their Strengths, growing user base contributing to increasing ARPU-average revenue per unit. According to the Marketline.com â€Å"The company provides unprecedented reach with 1.2 billion monthly active users (MAUs) as of December 2014, a significant increase from 901 million MAUs in 2012. In December 2014, the company had 208 million MAUs in the US and Canada; 301 million in Europe;Show MoreRelatedA Study On Equal Exchange1658 Words   |  7 Pagesbusiness to support farmers and trade their goods to not harm the environment. They opened the company as a worker-owned cooperative; it is seen as the one worker- one vote model. EE is a mission-driven business model that shows to be sustainable and replicable. Their idea was to connect trade products such as organic food, coffee, tea, and chocolate. 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Legalization Of Euthanasia Dying With Dignity - 1883 Words

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Analysis Of Darkness And `` Darkness `` - 1968 Words

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Preface to ‘Joseph Andrews’ Free Essays

string(39) " a father figure within his community\." In his Preface to ‘Joseph Andrews’, Fielding claims that human vices in his novel are ‘never set forth as the objects of ridicule but detestation’. To what extent are ‘Joseph Andrews’ and ‘Robinson Crusoe’ concerned with issues of morality? Despite the fact that ‘Joseph Andrews’ and ‘Robinson Crusoe’ approach their concern with issues of morality differently, they both interrogate the subject to the extent whereby, throughout the majority of both novels, they reveal and question existing ideals of society’s principles: â€Å"Robinson Crusoe initiates that aspect of the novel’s treatment of experience which rivals the confessional autobiography and outdoes other literary forms in bringing us close to the inward moral being of the individual† (Watt, 75). This quote summarises the argument ahead and captures Defoe’s intentions. We will write a custom essay sample on Preface to ‘Joseph Andrews’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is also one of the many critical debates that surround this concern, that accentuate how Fielding and Defoe’s involvement in this matter is significant and almost revolutionary. Whereas Watt’s comment below encapsulates what Fielding aims to achieve: â€Å"Fielding†¦ attempts to broaden our moral sense rather than to intensify its punitive operations against licentiousness. † (Watt, 283). Both of the above quotations provide an insight into both writers’ new and innovative approaches that can be considered to be quite rebellious, compared to other works from the eighteenth century. Throughout Andrew Wright’s essay titled ‘Joseph Andrews: Art as Art’, it is argued that â€Å"Fielding believes that the function of the novel is to provide a paradigm of civilisation which is above the level of ordinary moral imperatives† (Wright, 24). Thus, one may assume that Fielding’s intention is to set a raised barrier of morality in order to demonstrate how low civilisation measures up to it. He also contends that there is much evidence within and outside Fielding’s novel’s to suggest that Fielding did not have high hopes for human beings to become perfect or for society to transform and become flawless. This pessimism entails that human beings are hopeless. However, Fielding wrote in ‘The True Patriot’ on November 12th, 1745 that there are â€Å"some imperfections perhaps innate in our Constitution, and others too inveterate and established, to be eradicated; to these, wise and prudent Men will rather submit, than hazard shocking the Constitution itself by a rash Endeavour to remove them† (Wright, 30). This statement implies that Fielding’s exploration of vices within the narrative was not designed to change civilisation but to reveal its comportment in all veracity. Wright almost discusses the same notion and argues that â€Å"it is impossible to make a bad man good, and good men will very probably grow wise without much prompting. The function of art, therefore- and if this is not a tautology- is to provide a kind of ideal delight† (Wright, 30). Therefore, it is fair to suggest that Fielding does not intend to improve society or change the nature of human kind. Instead, he aims to encourage acceptance of civilisation; his revelation of flaws is formulated in order to allow his readers to find a way of rejoicing them. Thus, morality is a significant theme within the narrative and could be argued to be the purpose of the book. The rationale as to why this does not appear obvious or heightened is because it is not a concept of morality that is usually highlighted or celebrated. Within this balance of rejection and acceptance, Fielding creates a new type of morality and happiness and this can be reinforced in book three, chapter three, when Wilson unfolds his tale of moral deterioration and debauchery in London: â€Å"I soon prevented it. I represented him in so low a Light to his mistress, and made so good an Use of Flattery, Promises, and Presents†¦I prevailed the poor Girl, and convey’d her away from her Mother! In a word, I debauched her. -(At which Words, Adams started up, fetch’d three Strides across the Room, and then replaced himself in his Chair. ) You are not more affected with this part of my story than myself: I assure you it will never be sufficiently repented in my own Opinion† (Fielding, 180). This extract promotes acceptance of immorality and shamelessness. The way in which Adams reacts for a moment and then replaces himself in his chair demonstrates a sense of tolerance but also acknowledgment. This is symbolic of Fielding’s approach to morality throughout the entire novel; it is important to be aware of corruption but to attempt to repent it could cause more damage. Similarly to ‘Joseph Andrews‘, ‘Robinson Crusoe’ shows many preoccupations with the concept of morality. However, more so than Fielding (although Fielding also uses this device), Defoe utilises religion in order to determine a social moral code; he uses the boundaries and margins of religion in order to measure Robinson Crusoe’s principles. For example, the novel presents a protestant work ethic where success in business, in life is a message that you will go to heaven. Throughout the novel, Crusoe suggests that God is capitalist and that material increase suggests spiritual happiness and a closer relationship to God. This is evident on many occasions throughout the novel, for example, Crusoe converts Friday to Christianity and relates closer and closer to God as the novel progresses: â€Å"From these things I began to instruct him in the knowledge of the true God. I told him that the great Maker of all things lived up there, pointing up towards Heaven. That He governs the world by the same Power and Providence by which He made it. That He was omnipotent, could do everything for us, give everything to us, take everything from us; and thus by degrees I opened his eyes. (Defoe, 213). The significance of the theme of morality (or the Protestant religion as it is referred to within the novel) can also be reinforced by the way in which Crusoe teaches and learns about religion and preaches about its glory to others, such as Friday. This is also evident within ‘Joseph Andrews’ as the reader witnesses Joseph’s attempts to gain attributes similar to Joseph from the bible. For example, he is seen as a father figure within his community. You read "Preface to ‘Joseph Andrews’" in category "Papers" Within his essay, ’Robinson Crusoe and the state of nature’, Maximillian E. Novak argues that â€Å"Defoe was not only delineating the condition of man in the state of nature but also the cultural and political evolution which, by transforming the state of nature, created civilisation and government† (Novak, 23). This suggests that Defoe contributed to a more polished and advanced society that was in the making at the time of the novel’s publication. He discusses three opinions on the private physical men that were current in Defoe’s day: one being that despite being isolated, man would achieve the same intellectual and moral condition that he would if he ould were raised in society. (Novak, 23). Although the category that Novak feels Crusoe belongs to is the third whereby â€Å"he survives his solitude, but he is always afraid, always cautious. Defoe recognised the benefits of the state of nature, but he believed that the freedom and purity of Crusoe’s island were minor advantages compared to the comfort and security of civilisa tion. † (Novak, 23). This view implies that human beings almost do not exist without society because they are so formulated by society that without it, there is nothing left. Novak suggests this when he states that human beings are more affluent in society than alone and isolated. This therefore entails that it is society that provides our moral grounding and that aspects of society such as religion are dominant of what we believe to be right and wrong. Thus, religion is our guide to life and what encourages us to follow codes of moral conduct: â€Å"it is Puritan individualism which controls his spiritual being† (Watt, 74). This can be emphasised within the text as the reader follows Crusoe’s spiritual journey. The reader witnesses how God brings Crusoe back onto the track of Providence which is why he has to relearn everything, including how to behave. Throughout ‘Joseph Andrews’, religion acts as a principal for people to live by and the characters that live up to the standards are used to set an example, such as Joseph. Creating another relationship between both texts, religion is a way for morality to succeed; Fielding makes moral characters virtuous and successful, he also mocks the immoral society that does not have religious beliefs and thus shows that morals equal success. While Defoe shows that religion provides Crusoe with moral demeanour. This has an underlying tone of significance about human beings’ behaviour and what we need to survive, as we observe how Crusoe needs routine and time in order to allow him to feel as though he has control. This also relates to the politically charged atmosphere of the time about the need for a ruling monarchy and colonialism because the restoration demonstrated how the public were unable to direct their own lives; they needed demands from authoritative figures in order to provide them with comfort and assurance. For example, Crusoe recreates what he knows from England, such as, farming and building: â€Å"In about a year and a half I had a flock of about twelve goats, kids and all; and in two years more I had three and forty, besides several that I took and killed for my food. And after that I enclosed five several pieces of ground to feed them in, with little pens to drive them into, to take them as I wanted, an gates out of one piece of ground into another† (Defoe, 146). Consequently, both ‘Joseph Andrews’ and ‘Robinson Crusoe’ are concerned with morality to the extent that they aim to produce ideals of morality that they believe to be revolutionary compared to the capitalist society from which they derive from. Ian Watt argues that â€Å"the highest spiritual values had been attached to the performance of the daily task, the next step was for the autonomous individual to regard his achievements as a quasi-divine mastering of the environment. It is likely that this secularisation of the Calvinist conception of stewardship was of considerable importance for the rise of the novel† (Watt, 74). Thus, it can be argued that not only were ‘Joseph Andrews’ and ‘Robinson Crusoe’s’ moral content innovative and enlightening, they were also significant contributors to the ‘rise of the novel’ and a new way of thinking. This renaissance can be considered as an essential element of the restoration of the time. The fact that Watt explores both novels and novelists in his book ‘The Rise of the Novel’ also accentuates this notion. Throughout her critical study of eighteenth century literature, Pat Rogers discusses the context of the writer’s of the time. She suggests that it was literature’s responsibility to reflect reality and also make sense of it; â€Å"to distil general laws and detect patterns in apparently random occurrences† (Rogers, 11). This is evident in both novels, for example, the way in which Fielding crafts a ingenuous representation of the moral state of society within ‘Joseph Andrews‘: â€Å"Your Lady talks of servants as if they were not born of the Christian Specious. Servants have flesh and blood as well as quality† (Fielding, 260). It is also a dominant feature of ‘Robinson Crusoe’ whereby there are many references to the immoral nature of English society:† greatly concerned to secure myself from any attack in the night, either from wild beasts or men† (Defoe, 74). For example, this suggests that men are the equivalent to ‘wild beasts’ and also just as threatening, implying that men have become corrupt and out of control, showing a lack of consideration for the rest of society. Thus both novels formulate parodies of the truth that reveal the decay of decency and morality. Rogers supports this argument and reinforces both writers’ methods of portraying such ideals: â€Å"they deal for the most part with the experience of everyday of men and women in society; their tone was plain and worldly, they sought to avoid a recondite air, and they addressed the reader with easy confidence†¦the actions of other people form the most obvious objects of our moral perceptions; when we make moral judgements, we apply ourselves decisions we have made about the behaviour of others. Not only do we perceive that an act is right or wrong, but we assign merit or blame to the perpetrator of the act. (Rogers, 147). To conclude, both novels have dominant themes of morality, ‘Joseph Andrews’ concentrates on everyday life and behaviour and ‘Robinson Crusoe’ approaches morality from a broader perspective and through the characteristic of religion. Consequently, both novels attack the negative attributes of society and mankind in a rather sat irical manner; they observe the truth about people’s principles and encourage enthusiasm for the reader to reach their own conclusions, in order for them to recognise flaws. Not only are both books innovative and rather rebellious, but they can both be considered as fundamental stimulants for the ‘rise of the novel’. Historical evidence of the eighteenth century and the tradition of writing at the time can also support both writers’ objectives in incorporating such dominant themes of morality. This is because of the lack of individualism and the control of a newly capitalist civilisation. Therefore, overall there is much evidence to support this argument and many existing critical debates, to suggest that both Fielding and Defoe are deeply concerned with the issues of morality. Both ‘Joseph Andrews’ and ‘Robinson Crusoe’ can be read as a reflection of life and human behaviour to the extent whereby they highlight the state of morality and its function within society. Bibliography: Bell, A. Ian. ‘Defoe’s Fiction’. Kent: Biddles Ltd, 1985. Butt, John. ‘Fielding’. London: Longmans, Green Co Ltd, 1959. Defoe, Daniel. ‘Robinson Crusoe‘. Berkshire: Penguin Books Ltd, 1994. Fielding, Henry. ‘Joseph Andrews‘, ‘Shamela‘. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. Novak, E. Maximillian. Defoe and the Nature of Man’. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1963. Macalister, Hamilton. ‘Literature in Perspective- Fielding’. London: Evans Brothers Limited, 1967. Paulson, Ronald. ‘Fielding- A Collection of Critical Essays’. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc, 1962. Rogers, Pat. ‘The Context of English Literature- The Eighteenth Century’. London: Methuen Co Ltd, 1978. Watt, Ia n. ‘The Rise of the Novel’. London: Chatto Windus, 1963. Wright, Andrew. ‘Henry Fielding: Mask and Feast’. London: Chatto Windus, 1968. How to cite Preface to ‘Joseph Andrews’, Papers

Electronic Health Record in the healthcare Organisation Sample

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Electronic Health Record(EHR) in the Healthcare Organisation. Answer: Introduction The requirement of creation and promotion of an efficient healthcare system is unarguable. The efficiency can be attained when the healthcare organisations are attaining the maximum benefits from the healthcare system. In the healthcare organisations, the efficiency can be achieved by the efficient use of technology (Eurohealth, 2012). The electronic health record (EHR) system has the potential to transform the healthcare system. Over the last few years, technology has intervened in the every major industry and most of the organisations have implemented heavy computerisation to increase the efficiency of the organisation. However, despite these technological advances in the society, there is no provision to maintain the health records of the patients electronically. Moreover, most of the patients are prescribed through hand written records and only a few patients are able to electronically contact their physician or set an appointment with the doctor. The Electronic Health Care Recor d (EHR) has the potential to transform the healthcare system of an organisation from paper-based system to computerised system which is capable of delivering high quality care to the patients. However, a simple EHR system provides only partial benefits to the society and the healthcare organisations; it is important that the Electronic Health Care Record system is implemented in a strategic manner. The EHR can be defined as the longitudinal record of the patients health which is stored electronically. The information is generated in the encounters between the patient and the doctor. The electronic health record also contains information related to the patients demographics, progress, medications, vital statistics, past medical history and the medical reports. One of the primary benefits of the EHR is the avoidance of the poor penmanship and associated difficulties in understanding the reports. There are three vital components of Electronic Health Record (EHR) which can improve the h ealth care quality and reduce the system costs. These are: clinical decision support system tools, computerised physician order entry (CPOE) system and health information exchange (HIE) system. The clinical decision support system assists the physicians in decision-making regarding the patient care. It can be used to obtain latest information of the drugs or check previous records to identify a patents allergy to a specific drug. The CDS system can reduce the instances of medical errors which will assist the physicians in delivering effective healthcare (Menachemi and Collum, 2011). The aim of this article is to recommend the implementation of EHR in small patient setting. The Kotters change model has been applied for the implementation of EHR in the organisation. The intention, attitude and the beliefs of the healthcare personnel and the physicians are critical in acceptance and adoption of any new technology. Also, the perceived usefulness and the perceived easiness of use influen ce the adoption of new technological system. Therefore, it is important that social and the behavioural factors are considered in the EHR planning. In the present article, the case-study method has been used to describe the application of Kotters change management model in the implementation of cost efficiency among the physicians (Martin, Voynov, 2014). Reaching Consensus It is important to reach a consensus in the change management process to reduce the resistance to the change. It promotes acceptance of the change process and ownership of the collaborative decision. It will motivate the people to work towards the common aim. The consensus will build support and among the stakeholders and they will be more acceptable of the change process (Voehl Harrington, 2016). A business organisation can build resistance by clearly defining the mission statement for the group, defining roles and responsibilities of the members, maintaining the group mission, establishing positive and open communication and creating s system of continuous review and feedback. The hospital can use consensus decision making to reach agreement between different group members in a group. The consensus decision-making can be used to find solutions which are actively supported by all group members. The consensus decision making allows the management to take into consideration the opinions, ideas and the concerns of all the members. When the management listens to the viewpoint of all the group members, they can bring proposals which can work for everyone. It can result in innovative and creative solutions which can inspire the people and group as a whole (Ledgerwood White, 2006). In the context of the present organisation, the proposed role of Electronic Health Record (HER) will be determined with the help of consensus decision making. The Electronic Health Records (EHR) will be used to support decision making by discussing the benefits of the system as conducted in Lagoon Hospital in Nigeria. Lagoon Hospital has implemented an innovative consensus management approach to implement the electronic system to maintain the medical records of the patients. An electric medical record system has been introduced as a part of the innovation process in the hospital. The organisation has creates a mission to consistently deliver quality healthcare which exceeds the expectations of the customers. The Lagoon Hospital is the first hospital in the Sub-Saharan Africa which has earned the accreditation from Joint Commission International (JCI) which shows its excellency in clinical practices related to patient care and safety (Hygeia, 2017). The management of Lagoon Hospitals obtained consensus from different officers by highlighting the benefits of the electronic system to them. The benefits of the electronic health record system were discussed with different employees. It was discussed that the implementation of the electronic record system will allow the staff to create an updated record of the medical and critical information such as medical history, future appointments, and medication and allergy histories. It can increase the efficiency of the healthcare professionals by creating structured information source, supporting inter-operability across the system and supporting effective decision-making by easing the process of accessing and interrogating the medical data. The waiting time of the organisation is also reduced and the errors created due to illegitimacy of handwriting are also mitigated. The appointment system will be better managed and more space is created in the hospital which creates conducive environmen t in the organisation (Gbenga-Mustapha, 2013). The strategic alignment process can be used to determine the stages of the change management process. In the change management process, the major challenge for the organisation is to obtain consensus and reduce the resistance of the staff members. Therefore, in the first stage urgency can be created in the organisation to reduce the current operational efficiencies in the organisation. In the subsequent stages, the employees of the organisation should be acknowledged with the benefits of the Electronic Health Record so that the resistance for the system is reduced (Jones Recardo, 2013). Change Management The implementation of the EHR system will bring certain changes in the operations of the organisation. All the system will be automated and the healthcare professionals and the physicians will be required to learn new processes and technology. There will significant changes in the organisation processes which will cause temporary loss in organisations productivity. The implementation of electronic health record will require significant investment in purchasing and installing hardware and software, converting the paper charts to electronic ones and training the users to operate the new systems. The management also has to constantly pay for the software maintenance and support. Moreover, the employees are also needed to be constantly trained to operate the system (Menachemi and Collum, 2011). There are certain factors which forces the implementation of EHR in a healthcare organisation. The incentives, culture of the organisation and access to resources are the critical factors which are associated with building the pressure for the change process. The leadership and the organisation culture are also significant in the implementation process. The success rate of the implementation of clinical information system is one in three which shows high rate of failures of these systems. The inappropriateness in the selection of change management model also contributes to the failure of the system. The organisation should use creative change management approaches to create an efficient change management system (Kotter, 2012). Setting: The administration of Northshore Medical Group followed the Kotters eight-phase approach for the change. It is a multidisciplinary physician group located in Chicago, Illinois. It is accredited by Joint Commission and cares for about 60 patients in a day. The hospital also performs six to eight surgeries in a week. Creating a Sense of Urgency: It could be scrutinised that the Director of the Medical Centre was initially indifferent regarding the benefits of EHR. However, the practice managers and the billers were concerned regarding several issues such as lack of physical space for storing the medical records, the consumption of physical space for storing medical records and wastage of time an efforts in finding the lost medical records. These problems enhance the perception regarding the perceived usefulness of EHRs for the management and the administration. All these situations triggered the practice manager and the biller to create urgency for the use of Electronic Health Records (Kotter Cohen, 2012). The Later, an announcement was made by the manager of the Northshore Medical Centre for the implementation of EHR. The employees were divided into three groups, physicians, allied healthcare staff and the administrative staff. The physicians do not have a significant role in the change management process; however, they ha ve to experience their use and determine whether the organisation should implement EHR or not. After the evaluation process, the physicians were indifferent to the use of EHR. Moreover, the allied health staffs, which comprise of the lab physicians and medical assistants in the age group 40s or 50s strongly, opposed the implementation of the system due to the highly challenging learning curve. The administrative staff which refers to the billers, receptionists and the administrators were more acceptable to the change as they were willing to try something which assists them in the management of thousands of medical records (Edwards, 2009). Forming Coalition: After the creation of a sense of urgency, the next stage is to create a powerful coalition to guide the change. The guiding coalition was established of the manager and the biller. This coalition was responsible for implementation of EHR system with minimal disruption by identifying the facilitating and the restraining forces. The coalition was responsible for all aspects of the EHR implementation which includes clinical, operational and financial factors. An example wherein the guiding coalition assisted in the implementation of EHR process in the organisation is where the members of the guiding coalition actively participated in the EHR training organised by the vendor. It increased by the perceived ease of use of the organisation (Cameron Green, 2015). Create a Vision for Change Norhshore Medical Center, LLC would become leaner by the implementation of EHR. The vision of the organisation is that EHR is not the end goal of the change management process but the means to end. The aim of the organisation is to increase the leanness and the quality of the organisation by successful EHR implementation process (Kotter, 2008). Giving Voice to Vision The vision of the change management process was established by the practice manager and the biller. The manager and the biller communicated regarding the vision with each member of the team. The EHR implementation was not a simple project in the organisation but will create a major shift in the organisation culture. The management communicated immediate changes with the physicians such as enhanced diagnostic and monitoring tools for improved patient care, increased revenue, decreased manual mistakes and the overall liability (Kotter Rathgeber, 2013). The administrative staff was also communicated with the immediate benefits of the change process such as less missed appointments, prevention of double booking of the beds and less time to find missing records, time efficiency in data entry, data management and transparency in the organisation. It also creates possibility of several people working with the same patient at a single time (European Commission Information Society and Media, 2009). Empowering Broad-Based Action The practice manager and the biller also ensured that there is full participation of the most resistant group of the organisation, the allied health staff who do not perceive any immediate benefits with the implementation of the system in comparison to the physicians and the staff. The learning of the complete EHR system is a complex process and requires the time. The manager and the biller were focused on the group learning. They monitored the entire learning process and focused on how learning can be improved (Kotter, 2008). The following learning approaches were taken, individual and group training, setting up dummy patients for the practical implementation and making the teams watch training videos in group so that they can support each other. The managers also make provisions so that the individuals as well as the groups are recognised for their individual efforts and achieving specific milestones. Generating Short Term Wins In the Northshore Medical Centre, the EHR implementation was conducted during the time period from 1st October, 2013 to 31st December, 2013. During this time period, several milestones were created to mark the progress of the project. The particular milestone was set to create an active allergy list of the patients. In this particular milestone, the physicians had to feed any known allergic reaction to the health records. It is important part of the patient care as an adverse outcome can be prevented resulting from known allergic reactions. Using this approach increased the usefulness perception of the healthcare professionals (Kotter, 2014). It also created the perception that the adoption of EHR system is a strategic vision and change in necessary in the organisation. Consolidation of Change The early achievements and issues were consolidated in the management meetings. It provided the motivation to achieve more challenging milestones in the organisation. With the HER, the patients can give educational printout about the diagnosis and the post-procedural instructions related to the appointment and the procedure. The initial goals were easy which increased the perceived competence and confidence of the people which will be impacted by the change. Anchor new Approaches in the Organisation Culture The implementation of EHR at Northshore can increase the operational efficiency and increase the capital revenue generation. After five months of the implementation of the EHR system, the medical record system was completely transformed from the paper-based record keeping to electronic-record keeping. The implementation of EHR system will change the operations of administrative staff as instead of hunting down the medical charts, they have to notify when a task is needed. The attitude of the staff was also changed and the medical staff that was initially resistant to the change created a positive attitude. They more often enquired about the additional functionality of EHR process (Cameron Green, 2015). Planning Development The Electronic Health Record system has the capability to increase the safety and the quality of care provided to the patients. However, the major challenge with the use of EHR is its proper use by the physicians. The integration of EHR system can impact positively in the operations of the organisation. The EHR system can increase the time efficiency of the nurses as the use of computer will reduce the documentation time. The documentation of admission information can be conducted easily. With EHR, the personal digital assistant can be used which can reduce the manual error and increase time efficiency of the nurses. The major challenges in the use of EHR system are lack of adequate knowledge by the nurses or lack of confidence to operate the device. The physicians can also increase their time efficiency with the use of EHR system. The use of bedside or point-of-care computer system can reduce the documentation time of the physicians. Moreover, the use of central station desktops is less time consuming than thee point-of-care computer system. The integration of EHR system also directly impacts on the patient care, user satisfaction, information accuracy, and completeness of data entered and the nature of workflow. However, time efficiency is the only possible impact which can be assessed. The implementation of EHR can also positively impact on the shift times and working periods. The physicians schedule can be developed accurately with the use of EHR system. The time efficiencies can be enhanced regarding the patient encounters (Poissant et al., 2005). It could be reflected that Electronic Health Record will positively impact on the quality of healthcare provided to the patients. It can reduce the time devoted to the care of each patient which can increase the efficiency of the patients. Moreover, it will also reduce the cases of negligence on the healthcare entity due to negligence. The competing healthcare organisations which are using Electronic Health Records are becoming more efficient in the patient care and have become resourceful to deal with more patients daily. The customers have become more satisfied with the services provided by the hospitals. The physicians and the administrative staff have become more time-efficient and the integration of EHR system has reduced the burnout of these employees. Outsourcing Process With the advancements in technology, the paper-based medical records are becoming obsolete. The Electronic Health Record system will allow seamless flow of information which is readily available and easy to use. However, several Electronic Health Record (EHR) systems are challenged by the lack of effective use. Moreover, the issue of selection of the most-appropriate EHR system is also a complex task. Therefore, outsourcing EHR is the best option for the healthcare organisations. In the outsourcing process, the healthcare organisations can outsource the services of data migration of Electronic Medical Records, use it a SaaS service and up-gradation of the existing EHR system. With the outsourcing activities, the healthcare organisations can increase the doctor-patient engagement in a digitally-interactive manner. The processing of the medical records of the patients, using EHR system as service and privacy and security management are approaches which can be outsources from other comp anies (Amatayakul Lazarus, 2005). All the services should be outsourced from one company so that all the services are streamlined. The services provided to the patients are entered into the system by the administrative staff. The calculation of the total cost endured by the patient can be outsourced. Moreover, the health care organisations can also produce adequate supporting documents which can speed up the reimbursement process of the organisations (Walker et al., 2006). There should be constant communication and collaboration between the administrative staff and the outsourcing personnel. Training should be provided so that the physicians remain updated with the current operational processes. The outsourcing agency should provide real-time updates to the software. Moreover, all the processing should be conducted regularly and the information should be updated in real-time (Hammaker Knadig, 2017). Privacy Considerations and Increasing Awareness The Data Protection Act (DPA) control how the personal information of an individual can be used by the business organisations or the government. In the EHR system, the data protection Act is relevant as the personal information of the patients is attained by the healthcare organisations and outsourced to the other companies. According to the data protection principles, the personal data of the individuals can be obtained for lawful purposes and should not be excessive or more than required. Moreover, the personal information of the individuals can only be outsourced to the countries which give adequate protection to the rights of personal data usage. Accordingly, the company should outsource the information processing to the companies which give adequate data protection rights. The unauthorised use of information by the healthcare personnel can adversely impact on the security of the people. Certain methods can be used such as limited accessibility and password protection to protect the information. Increasing Awareness for Business Growth and Information Investment The Electronic Health Record (EHR) system can open numerous business opportunities for the healthcare organization. The electronic health record can support the clinical care by assisting in clinical research. The EHRs have significant use in the routine clinical care of the organisation. It can also be used for secondary purposes such as clinical research, design and execution of clinical trials for new medicines. The EHR system should be used to exchange the information internationally as it ensures consistent and complete recording of clinical information (Coorevits et al., 2013). The healthcare organizations can also customize the services to increase the business efficiency. The healthcare organizations can customize electronic health record templates to increase the proficiency of the system. The companies can also implement strategies to enhance the training and development of the employees (Gardner, Pearce, 2013). The Electronic Health Records are commonly used by a large nu mber developing countries to increase the quality of health care and as they are cost-effective. However, technology can introduce certain hazards such as safety of information in the organization. The malicious elements have found it easier to breach the security of the system with the technological methods. The use of Electronic Health Records can create certain privacy issues which raises ethical concerns for the governments. Several governments have made laws to safeguard the privacy of the people whose data in stored in these electronic systems (Ozair et al., 2015). The information generated through Electronic Health Records can be used in the clinical research and mediating insurance and compensation issues. The patients past records can be used to efficiently provide treatment. It can be used to detect past allergies and reactions to certain chemicals. The information can be used by the organizations effectively by proper management of the system. The administrative staff sho uld be given training to properly manage the system. The electronic health record system should be password protected so that the unauthorized candidates cannot access the personal information of the patients (Ticher, 2008). Report findings Electronic Health Records (EHR) is a system in which the patients records are stored electronically rather than on papers. It is an efficient system and the healthcare organizations require it to reduce the manual errors, due to the illegitimacy of the writings and to reduce the consumption of the physical space. However, before the implementation of changes, the employees always resist it. It is important to bring a consensus for the change so that appropriate efforts are made for the success of the change. The management of the organization can obtain consensus from the employees by promoting the benefits of the Electronic Health Record (EHR) system with the employees. The company can also define a clear mission statement; establish open communication, transparency and feedback in the organization. After obtaining the consensus, the company should plan change by selecting appropriate change management model. The Kotters model has been selected for implementing the organization chan ge. It has been successfully used by the Northshore Hospital in Chicago to implement the Electronic Health Record (EHR) system. In this model, the change is implemented in eight phases. In the initial phase, urgency is created in the organization for the change. The management broadcast the importance of the change in the organization and motivate the employees in embracing the change. The management actively participates in the change process so that the change can be accepted easily. The Electronic Health Record (EHR) can be used to increase the efficiency of the nurses as well as the physicians. It will reduce the average reporting time of the physicians. With the enhanced services, the customers will also be satisfied with the services. In electronic Health Record system, the companies can use outsourcing to be more cost-effective. However, it is important to collaborate and communicate with the outsourcing agency for smooth functioning of the system. The companies should also b e considerate of the privacy of the users and the patients while outsourcing the work. Since the patients information is sensitive and comes under the Data Protection Act, the healthcare organization should outsource the work from the agencies which have the same data protection laws as that in the Mauritius. In addition to it, the healthcare organization should also increase the awareness regarding the business benefits of the Electronic Health Record system as it will open new business opportunities for the organization. The information obtained with the Electronic Health Record (EHR) can be used by the organization in clinical researches and eefficient management of thee insurance claims. References Amatayakul, M.K., Lazarus, S.S. (2005). Electronic Health Records: Transforming Your Medical Practice. Medical Group Management Assn. Cameron, E., Green, M. (2015). Making Sense of Change Management: A Complete Guide to the Models, Tools and Techniques of Organizational Change. Kogan Page Publishers. Coorevits, P. et al. (2013). Electronic health records: new opportunities for clinical research. Journal of International Medicine 274(6), 547-560. Edwards, J.N. (2009). NorthShore University Health System: Achieving Rapid Improvement on Core Measures. The Commonwealth Fund Case Study. 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