Current event Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Current event - Article Example In addition, there are also ipods, wine selection, and watches; the beauty with the scheme is that the reward can be exchanged for rewards of choices as given in the catalogue (Paterson, 2013). Moreover, the scheme is also divided in to three spheres; monthly, those that are given for the ‘star of the month’ at the level of the store, ‘star of the quarter’, for the regional level and ‘star of the year’ nationwide. Following the launch of the scheme, the reward manager at the Marks and Spencer Company, Darren McCabe confirmed that the company has reached the improvement in the reward to ensure that those with exceptional contribution are rewarded accordingly. With regard to the value of the scheme, the manager informed that they intend to raise the money through ‘charity challenge’ that envisage to raise about  £ 1 million within the first 100 days of the launch (BBC News, 2013). Paterson, J. (2010). "Marks and Spencer introduces schemes to enhance staff motivation." Employee Benefits Retrieved from

Compare and contrast the ways that social media marketing can help Essay

Compare and contrast the ways that social media marketing can help organizations to market their products - Essay Example At the final section of the report, it has been analysed and observed that social media marketing not only helps in marketing products/services efficiently, but also provides immense facilities of creating long term and healthy relationship benefits with the existing as well as potential customers. In the modern age, social media has become one of the essential parts of human lives. It is often observed that more than 250 million people are the users of social media sites today. Perhaps it is owing to the benefits offered by social media as one of the most effective and convenient forms of communication between the people. With a similar consent, the business organisation has been using social media as their marketing tool for their products. Notably, social media marketing was in some way present from the traditional business module itself. Few of the traditional social media used for the promotion of the product are newspapers, radio and magazines, which were also denoted as the modern one-way communication tools at often instances. However, at a certain point of time, the feel for the development of newer social media marketing tools motivated organisations to perform better due to the number of such instances. For example, in the traditional era of social media development s, it was perceived to be impossible for the customers to give their feedbacks or comments to the organisation. However, in case of modern social media tools and the organisations adopting those, it has helped the business organisation to create their own contents for successful promotion of the product gaining better flexibility in their approach. Apparently, it aids the business organisation in promoting their products in a cost effective manner and allow its customers to view the product for free through easy access to the social networking sites (Zarrella, 2010). It has been

Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus

Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus is a book written by the psychologist John Gray, which was published in May 1992. It was published in many languages and was a true bestseller. In contrast to many other psychologists, who pay more attention to the similarity between the sexes, Gray focuses specifically on the differences. As an example, a typical problem is that women think that men can not listen. This is due to the fact that in a difficult moment a woman to speak out, and from the man she wants to get support and recognition that its difficulties are significant. A man in a hurry at once wants to find a solution, instead of listening carefully. In the book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus will be reviewed different problems. For example, another problem is that men think that women try to remake them, like cut and make recommendations. For example, when a man can not do some task independently, the woman thinks that she should help, and begins to give advice. But a ma n sees in this not her help, and distrusts his own abilities, because for men it is important to reach all on his own. Other sex differences discussed in the book are in the points system for men and women, the behavior in stressful situations, etc. Introduction The approach to gender relations in the book is used as a metaphor, the assumption that men and women are so different that they can be regarded as originating from two different planets. It is not just another book of self help but a valuable tool for understanding what really goes on inside the heads of men and women, its changing moods and why those changes occur. One of the highlights of the book talks about the different reactions of men and women facing the same problem, for example, why women love to talk about problems with friends while men prefer to stay quiet, thinking of a solution, what makes women crazy, or because men dont like to request information, or because they hate it when they hear I told you!. Much more than just pointing out the differences, the book teaches how to handle these differences with practical solutions, and thus to save the relationships that seemed doomed to failure. Purpose In interpersonal relationships, man and woman are configured to achieve different goals. Woman set on communication and cooperation, love and understanding. The scientists noted that already in infancy girls are more emotionally responsive to peoples faces, while boys to the shape of objects. Man aims to win the status and authority on competition and its successful completion.Thus, entering into an unfamiliar room, the man first explores the sources of possible threats, scans the inputs and outputs (for possible derogations), sits with his back against the wall, so that he has precise control of the territory. The woman, coming together with him, picks up the emotional climate, draws attention to the interesting personalities, capable of a few minutes to determine the nuances of relationships that in each pair are present, according to Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (2011). Man, conceived to be an exemplary provider and protector, can not stand to make mistakes and show a woman his own weakness or failure. He does not like to hear from womens tips, suggestions, comments, since he hears them about his accusation of incompetence. It will be up to exhaustion that led his wife and children in an unfamiliar place, but never to ask a passer-road. He will be agonizing experience, but not uttered a word with the woman that she did not recognize his failure. Therefore, a woman must be very thin and transparent to the man to direct him where he needs. Generally, for men it is very important to hear from the women that he really gives her all for her happiness, according to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus: An Analysis of a Potential meme (2007). Sensory organs in a woman are sharper and more sensitive. Emotional adjustment in women is much higher than in men. Women feel thin little change in attitudes and moods, capture non-verbal signals that their brains are continually receives and analyzes information from the outside world. Woman understands the intricate relationship of heroes in movies and books, knows all about the tastes, preferences and problems of their children a man can only assume something. Hearing a woman for several orders of magnitude than the male. A woman knows how to share the sounds, assign them to different categories, to make a decision about each of them (which gives it the ability to simultaneously arguing with her husband, mentor a child and talking with a friend on the phone). Female hearing was originally set up to childs cry thats why for a man would be hard to sleep when the baby is beating in hysterics, and a woman wakes up at the first sound. The boys still in their teens cited a psychological deafness when they hear something that do not want to listen. If a woman wants a man to come up to important information, it is best to submit it in writing, according to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus? (2007). The book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus shows the importance of the issue in the society. The topic is extremely important and it is often discussed in the society. As a fact, there are many differences between men and women, which can be easily explained. That is why the book Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus will be interesting for both sexes, as there are many interesting issues discussed, which can contribute to the understanding between the sexes. The most famous book about the relationship between men and women will become movies. Hollywood producers are going to film a series of bestsellers by John Gray Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus, read before Bridget Jones and the millions of women worldwide. Of particular intrigue to this event was attached to that book of Gray its not fiction, and psychological benefits. Incidentally, this is not the first attempt to film the creation of John Gray. The romantic comedy Hes Just Not That Into You is based on the book You just do not like him. Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus was published in 1992 and immediately became a bestseller. Psychologist John Gray wrote a total of 16 books on gender relations, 13 of them dedicated to Mars and Venus. Metaphor, invented by Gray, turned into a real cultural phenomenon. Based on the books, information was delivered to the TV show, a musical, was released a DVD with lectures, the author who brought profits of more than 100 million dollars, and the books themselves separated the 50 millionth circulation in 45 countries. The very first of them lasted for nearly seven years in the bestseller list, The New York Times. Relationships Most problems in relationships, men and women arise because we are really different. And not just different men and women are from different planets. Our approach to most issues is so different that for the understanding of different issues we need a common language. Men are from Mars, Women Are from Venus is a U.S. trial, the best-selling book by John Gray published in 1992. Gray matter includes difference between men and women of essentialist views and exhibits examples and behaviors to allow both sexes to better understand the opposite sex, according to Deborah Cameron (2007). In 2006, the French translation of the book was directed by Thomas Douarec. This show has enjoyed considerable success across the francophone world. The show and book deal with the relationship of the couple in their corner very caricatured (men who do not ask for directions by car or women who carry too many clothes on a journey), traits being pushed deliberately in order to better illustrate and contrast male and female sides of each person, according to Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (2007). About love and sex there is so much said and written, that remains to add that for women love this is poetry, and for the man prose. Man lives with the installation of doing something, he demonstrates a deep love acts (such as conquering a mountain peak or a knock-out carpets). A woman wants beautiful confessions and words. When relations are at a stage of courtship, the man says to a woman more than the rest of his life together is it the needs to achieve his goal in getting the desired girlfriend. In this case it is necessary to seek a compromise a man at times is romantic, and women appreciate what a man does for them. And how many tears shed by women due to the fact that in intimate relationships men pay little attention to caress and touch! Willingness to men for sex at almost any time in any mood (after a quarrel, during the illness of children, etc.) makes a woman think that a man just uses her! But let us turn to science and see that the hypothalamus, where is the center of sex, the male is much more feminine, in addition, the hormone testosterone, responsible for sexual attraction, in its content in the male body is 10-20 times higher than the female. Such is the nature. Truth I must say that this unrestrained desire has a clear subconscious goal the continuation of a kind, survival among the aggressive environment. In support of women say that their skin is 10 times more sensitive than men, it is thinner and comes with an additional layer. Thats why women are in dire need of touch. Men have thicker skin and is less sensitive to tactile contact (its sensitivity is concentrated in a few places). It is rather difficult to find a common language among such different creatures. Now a lot of talk is necessary about the problems of financial, political, or environmental, but few people think about the problems of the relationship. I think that the question of survival, even as they must come first and not just because a decrease in physical work degrades men as the stronger sex, but gradually takes the joy out of life, but the meaning of life in happiness. Who needs a life of continuous suffering and anxieties? And true happiness we can draw only a harmonious relationship. We eat no food, and energy is extracted from food. And this energy, that is giving us the fullness of life, we spend on the stress of negative relationships. Stress is the main catalyst of our quarrels. But the root cause of most conflicts is the fact that men and women in different ways have to cope with it. Their reactions to stress are very different and these differences are increasing with the increasing stress. American writer John Gray, Ph.D. in his book Mars and Venus: Why we fight? Says: Sometimes it seems that we are from different planets, men are from Mars and women from Venus. And there is not a positive understanding of the mechanisms for responding to stress, Mars and Venus are in conflict, rather than closer. The difference between the response to stress is that men cope with it alone and do not like when somebody is even helping him, not to mention that if he was ordered or even advised, and women, on the contrary, want him to communicate or work together, asking assistance. Coming tired from work, men tend to at least briefly retire to rest. Women are not capable of passive recreation and can not get rid of the weight of their cares and affairs. If the husband returns from work and is not in the spirit of loving wife the best of intentions, rather than to give it to recover alone, begins to pester him with questions, with their problems or even the consolation than further increases his stress. No wonder they say that good intentions lined the road to hell. A woman in distress has a need to speak out. The man, instead of silence to listen, (or at least pretend) that he listens, is thinking that his problems are not worth a damn, and is trying some way to soothe her, this way adding fuel to the fire. She decides that her husband does not sympathize with her. In men, there is an anti-stress hormone testosterone, and they produce it alone. Women have oxytocin. Women feel comfortable in a conversation, telling someone about their problems. Men do not like to complain and relieve stress, solving problems and acting independently. Ignorance of these differences leads to the fact that men are tired of womens issues (and they are never quiet, always somewhat concerned), dismiss them, words such as: Do not pay any attention to such trifles!. These words are only fueling the fire. She decides that the partner ignores it, does not want to give him attention. From this the stress only increases. Conversation threatens to grow into a quarrel. A man in a stressful, irritable state can not maintain a conversation. For him, to restore normal testosterone levels and calm down, you need some time to be alone and he, sensing the looming conflict, somehow stops the conflict and leaves. If a woman at this point is wise not to leave him alone and go after h im, trying something else to finish saying, the man can blow up and the scandal will be provided. As we know, the scandal is as a fire, it is easier to prevent than to extinguish it. To do this you need to know more its anatomy. The fact that women in conversation tend to move away from the main theme, that man, as mentioned in the previous article, annoying for the simple reason that he, unlike women, can only focus on one subject of discussion. Starting from this, nervous, he instinctively raises the tone. This, in turn, drives up the woman, and she already becomes angry, remembering all the past wrongs, totally forgetting about the problem of the conversation, according to according to Men are From Mars, Women are From Venus-what Does It Mean Really? (2010). To prevent this from happening, women need to try to track the topic of conversation, without going beyond its limits, until it is completed by a decision. And most importantly for both partners during the whole conversation it is important to remember about a compromise, if there is at least something they want to get from one another. Otherwise, they get nothing, except stress. And they lose energy, and with it good mood, maybe even in the long term, even health. Any pressure, according to the law of reflection, is causing even greater resistance from the other side. Differences It is known that women differ from men. There is a childrens song, which is sung, that the boys are made of pistols, soccer balls, slingshots and ruptured after climbing over the fences of pants. About the girls in the same song is sung, they are made of sweets, aerial lace dresses and ribbons, braided into tight braids caring moms. When we grow up, the difference between the sexes is not reduced, and vice versa, it becomes increasingly evident, even in appearance. For example, men do not have these breasts that are tempting to stick out from under your fashion T-shirts. And women are the subject of a mens pride, an object of admiration and envy of mens girlfriends. Sexes differ in chromosome structure. That is, the differences start at the biological level: For example, women are better versed in the smells. Their brains can store and classify the different smells much better than the average male brain. But for men, this ability is an exception. Male perspective is arranged in such a way that they see in the dark better than women do, and thus may be well to concentrate on driving. Womens skin is much more sensitive, since it has more nerve endings. Therefore, women are so fond of massages and all sorts of amenities such as aromatic shower gels and creams for massage. Women sweat twice as compared with men, according to How men from Mars and women from Venus Can make the most of their differences (2008). Women have better-developed intuition. This is due to the fact that we have more interactions between the two halves of the brain the left and right. While men can not immediately switch from a logical problem in the figurative, some time needs to pass. So when a woman calls him at work to inform that she bought a wonderful summer curtains tropical colors (as recommended by designers this season), a man may fall short in a stupor, trying to adjust to a different way of working of the brain. He is now obsessed with the whole process of intelligence or strategic planning. So women do not have to be offended if a man answers her a little harsh and off-topic. This does not apply to a woman personally. Women tend to be dissatisfied with their figure, all the time trying to find flaws in themselves. Women do not give any names and nicknames, caressing the body parts, which can not be said about men. Women in a joint interview prefer to talk about their failures. Also, women often have not enough communication, received on the job, and they want a little chat after work with her man. Men, by contrast, often exaggerate their abilities, are rarely dissatisfied with their figure, and prefer to talk only about their successes and achievements in various fields of life. They totally lack of communication that they received during the day at work and many evening conversations can lull them, according to Men are From Mars, Women are From Venus-what Does It Mean Really? (2010). We are so very different from each other as Mars and Venus. It is unclear how we all manage to coexist under one roof. At the same time, in our differences there is a big plus they are the guarantee of our mutual attraction. As men and women, we all want to be happy. Irresistible desire for happiness is the strongest instinct and desire. It does not matter what its made from butterscotch and fruit gum, or toy cars and slingshots and we are particularly pleased at the very moment when our happiness is the joint. Gray presents almost exclusively focus on differences, unlike many psychologists (and feminists), but also points out that Mars and Venus are only stereotypes and can not describe the individual woman or man. This reservation is easily overlooked in the book, then focuses just on differences, not similarities. Not all sex researchers agree with Gray in the fact that two sexes communicate in such different ways, as it has been pointed out that there is often very large overlap in gender psychology. Among feminists, the book has been criticized for being misogyn or to require that women must adapt to mens behavior. Others have pointed out that Gray has not made detailed references to the research he claims underlie the book. Martians appreciate the power, efficiency, and love to compete who will overtake someone who will reach more in life. Their regular job is to assert itself in our own and others eyes, to prove that they are better, stronger, more talented than others. Their sense of self is determined by how they are able to achieve good results. Only success gives them a feeling of fullness of life, self-realization, according to Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus Author John Gray coming to KC to talk about New Book Venus on Fire Mars on Ice (2010). For women there are other values. For them, above all, is love, companionship, beauty, the world of human relations. They leave plenty of time to care, support and help each other. Their sense of self is determined by their feelings and the quality of relationships. The contacts with others, opportunities to share their own feelings, and experiences, as well as sharing others joys and sorrows, which realize their potential. Interests focus on the Martians subjects, things, rather than on people and their feelings. And today, on Earth, while women dream about love, thoughts, men occupy powerful cars, computers, working with incredible speed, technical innovations and advanced technologies. They care about things that can help them achieve those or other results, in terms of their power and for women communication is paramount. Sharing their feelings and experiences for them is far more important than to achieve success or to achieve high results. They realize themselves in conversation, relationships with others experiencing this feeling of great satisfaction. For the Martians it is essential to reach the result: for them it is a way to prove that they are worth something, and it brings them the moral satisfaction. However, men feel it only if they got the desired results on their own, and not someone elses help. At the same time, womens intuition is very strong. They have developed this ability over the centuries, divining the wishes and needs of others. They are proud that they can be empathetic and able to capture the feelings one experiences. Offer help and assistance before men ask about is womens brightest manifestation of love, according to according to Men Are From Mars, Women Are From Venus (2011). To sum it up, it can be said that Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus is a book written by John Gray. It is a self-help book that offers a range of solutions designed to improve the relationship between spouses. The starting point of the book is that the two sexes are very different, and for that relationship to function, it is necessary to understand the opposite sex different forms of communication and emotional needs. Gray uses the Roman gods, respectively, war and love as a metaphor for gender differences. Conclusion This book will help to learn the practical aspect of the solution of problems arising from misunderstanding of insurmountable differences between men and women. There is described a theoretical analysis of the psychology of these differences, as well as a practical tutorial for creating such relationships, which by law can be called love. Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus is one of the greatest bestsellers of our time. This is a book that has changed for the better the fate of people who read it. Most problems in relationships, which arise among men and women, occur because we are really different. And not just different people we are from different planets. Our approach to most issues is so different that for the present understanding of special needs a common language is needed and this book will help to find and learn the language of each and every. When we learn it, disappears the majority of the reasons to be unhappy in love, in family, in business relationships. The book is intended for all men and women over 16 years.

LAB REPORT :: essays research papers

Maury Matos  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1/14/02 AIM: Find out the mode of inheritance from crossing brown big eyed male and little eyed female, and to find out the fenotype and genotype of offspring. I took the F1 data and crossed it with another group to find the F2 data. Hypothesis: I think that the red eyes have dominant traits over brown eyes, and big eyes have dominant traits over little eyes. I got to this hypothesis because the F1 data proves that red big eyes are dominant because the offspring have big red eyes then the traits of red eyes and big eyes had to be homozygous dominant. Materials: 1. Flies 2. Vials 3. Fly food 4. Ether 5. Q-tip 6. Microscope Procedure: 1. Gather Materials. 2. Take empty vial and place all the flies in empty vial. 3. Put ether in vial to put them to sleep. 4. When they are asleep put them under a microscope to observe them. Data: Male  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female Brown big eyes - 0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown big eyes - 0 Brown little eyes - 0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown little eyes - 0 Red big eyes - 134  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Red big eyes - 122 Red little eyes - 0  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Red little eyes - 0   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AB  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ab  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  aB  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ab ab  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  aAbB  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  aAbb  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  aabB  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  aabb (prediction) Male  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female Brown eyeless – 12.5%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown eyeless – 12.5% Brown big eyes – 12.5%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown big eyes – 12.5% Red big eyes – 12.5%  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Red big eyes – 12.5% Red eyeless – 12.5 %  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Red eyeless – 12.5% (outcome) Male  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Female Brown eyeless - 35  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown big eyes - 33 Brown big eyes - 29  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Brown eyeless - 25 Red big eyes - 32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Red big eyes - 26 Red eyeless - 32  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Red eyeless - 28 Conclusion: My hypothesis was correct, because I crossed the F1 data and came with the outcome. I guessed that red eyes and big eyes had dominant traits. When flies are crossed they gotta have their parents genes and in this case the parents genes.

How Similar Were the Achievements and Limitations of Nationalism in Southeast Asia Before 1941?

The period before 1941 can also be referred to as the pre-war period before the Japanese Occupation. The Southeast Asian nationalist movements then had similar achievements and limitations. Their achievements were scarce as the majority of the population was politically apathetic. To add to this, the nationalist groups often lacked mass support and military strength. The greatest achievement of these nationalist movements, though, would be that they managed to unify a diverse group of people who had little in common by providing them with a common cause – to overthrow the colonial government. The main achievement of pre-war nationalist movements was that they were able to bond the people of the country together using the concept of territorial nationalism. These nationalist movements started off with cultural aims so as to appeal to the masses. However, the difference between these movements lie in whether or not the nationalist leaders could go beyond these aims to band together the people of the country. In the case of Vietnam and Indonesia, the nationalist leaders managed to make use of these aims to develop a territorial identity whereas in Malaya, the nationalist groups were unable to put aside their racial differences and hence bonded only within their communities to establish ethnic nationalism. This can be seen from how in Indonesia, nationalism was initially focused on Java but later spread to include the rest of Indonesia. One major achievement of Indonesian nationalism is that of the Association of Political Organisations of the Indonesian People (PPPKI) established in the late 1920s. It created a set of common national idioms such as the red and white national flag and the national anthem ‘Indonesia Raya'. It also came up with the idea of Indonesia comprising of one people, one language, one homeland, which is indicative of the Indonesians' strong cry for independence[1] and even tried to cut across the party lines in their attempt to achieve it. Similarly, in Vietnam, there was an evident shift from cultural nationalism before 1920 to more territorial nationalism (not from religious to secular. Look back to your main point! ) after 1920. Previously, before 1920, Nationalism was confined very much to the Tonkin region, with the Dong Kinh Free School being set up in 1908 to promote cultural nationalism. Later, secular nationalist groups such as the Vietnam Quoc Dang Dang (VNQDD) and the Indochina Communist Party (ICP) emerged with a more political plan aimed at a more inclusive national identity, as seen from the choice of words in their names – â€Å"Vietnam† and â€Å"Indochina†. Following that, in 1941, the Vietminh was established as a more united nationalist organisation in reaction to Japanese involvement in Vietnam, and tried to mobilise nationalists beyond party lines, appealing to both communists and non-communists alike. This dominant organisation stood strong and later successfully led Vietnam to achieve independence. In Malaya however, nationalism ironically made the racial lines of Malaya more evident. The emergence of the Singapore Malay Union, the Malayan Communist Party (MCP) which comprised of mainly Chinese and the Central Indian Association of Malaya (CIAM)[2] further aggravated the pluralistic society in Malaya, thus making a united strive for independence impossible. With the exception of Malaya, the pre-war nationalist movements generally managed to bond the people of the country together. This would facilitate future movements to overthrow the colonial powers. A major limitation of the nationalist movements before 1941 was that they lacked mass support even though some groups managed to achieve a popular appeal. For example, in Vietnam, the Indochina Communist Party (ICP) lacked mass support but had some appeal due to its adaptationist leaders. It associated its aims with superstitions and anachronistic customs and disguised its communist stand to appeal to the Vietnamese, as communism lacked a direct appeal then. 3] This action of using folk religion to disguise its communist front was also adopted by the PKI in Indonesia, which rallied the people's support by calling for a holy war or a jihad, against the Dutch. It portrayed capitalism as promoting greed and distance from God, and imperialism as threatening the world of Islam so as to stir up feelings of anger amongst the Indonesians. [4] However, there are nationalist groups in Southeast Asia which severely lacked mass support such as the Young Malay Union (KMM) in Malaya, whose idea of a merger with Indonesia did not appeal to the Malayans. 5] Furthermore, in Indonesia, although the Indies Party tried to appeal to all races and beyond Java, it had limited appeal as it was predominantly an Eurasion organisation with only 7700 members. As such, whether or not nationalist groups were able to achieve a mass appeal depended on how well they modified their methods to appeal to the peasants. Hence, the nationalist movements before 1941 generally lacked the mass support they needed to succeed. Even if mass support was achieved, this does not guarantee success of the nationalist movements as the example of Sarekat Islam clearly demonstrates. Despite its mass following of 2 million, its lack of a united front seriously undermined its potential, and it was eventually torn apart by internal divisions between the Marxists and Islamic leaders. Another limitation of pre-war nationalism was that they often lacked military strength to launch a successful large-scale revolt and were hence vulnerable to the suppression of the colonial powers. This can be seen in the Vietnam Quoc Dang Dang (VNQDD)'s failure to overthrow the French colonial government during the Yen Bay Uprising of 1930. Their home-made weapons were inferior to the advanced ones of the French hence the uprising was quickly put down by the French. As a result of this episode, its founder, Thai Hoc and other leading figures were captured. This deprived the organisation of good leadership it needed to launch another large-scale nationalist movement thereby preventing them from regaining their political strength again. 6] Similarly, in Indonesia, although the Perserikatan Komunis di India (PKI) managed to gather support to form an army called the Red Guards of 3000, their military power was still uncomparable to that of the Dutch. They attempted to stage a revolution in 1926 but failed. After the revolt, the Dutch arrested 13,000 of them, imprisoned 4,500, interned 1,308 and exiled 823 to Digul, West New Guinea. This severely crippled the membership of the PKI and they were finally outlawed by the Dutch in 1927. [7] Hence, pre-war nationalism failed partially because of the militarily weak nationalist movements. In conclusion, the achievements and limitations of the SEA nationalist movements before 1941 were largely similar, with the lack of mass support and military strength being the key weaknesses. As nationalism during that period was quite under-developed, the main achievement of these movements in Vietnam and Indonesia would be that it managed to bond the people together towards a more inclusive territorial-based national identity that would serve as a stepping stone for further nationalist movements.

Impacts and Implications of Stress

There are many impacts and implications of academic stress on the health of an individual in the academic environment as a student. Some of these impacts and implications are time management skills, social life, and being employed. This paper will be examining the role and significance of the perception in the academic environment and how there is an increase of stress and anxiety in college.Also, I will construct my personal Medicine Wheel to show how can manage my own stress and anxiety being in the Coco optional Therapist Assistant and Physiotherapist program (TOT/PTA). The first impact and implication that will be being discussed is time management skills and how it increases stress and anxiety in college. Firstly, transiting from high-school into college brings on a huge amount of stress because it's completely two different worlds and adjusting is very hard for some.This may cause the Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and this is the cost common type of anxiety, it is a  "ongoing state of mental and/or physical tension and nervousness, either without a specific cause† (Put Reference). Some of the symptoms are constant restlessness, irritation, trouble concentrating, and fatigue. Another impact and implication is assignments, and this is because coming straight from high-school I had no idea how to prioritize my assignments and all the workload at once.So this would lead me o mini panic attacks because would feel overwhelmed with assignments and test all coming at once and not wanting to fail. Lastly, studying was an enormous stress factor because had no study habits nor a study group. This made things difficult because also didn't know how to pick out important information from the slides. All of these implications increased stress and anxiety in the academic environment causing my health to decrease because of the lack of sleep, over eating and mentally drained.

The eNotes Blog 7 Misunderstood Characters inLiterature

7 Misunderstood Characters inLiterature First impressions can be misleading- in life, but in fiction as well. Sometimes, a character may gain a reputation that’s not exactly true to the text. We owe it to ourselves and to the world of literature to give such characters a couple more chapters before drawing conclusions. That’s why we’ve rounded up a collection of commonly misunderstood characters. From Frankenstein’s monster to Mr. Darcy, here are some characters who deserve to be read between the lines. 1. Frankenstein by Mary Shelley The character: Frankenstein’s monster The misunderstanding: After Victor Frankenstein creates his so-called â€Å"monster† from various corpses, he flees from it. The monster, free to wander the world, is met with cruelty and fear. Everyone sees an eight-foot-tall, yellowish, shriveled beast of a man and immediately thinks that he means harm. The truth: He just wants to love, be loved, and discover the truth about his creation. (But he does kill some people, so maybe the folks in the book weren’t wrong to go running.) 2. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman The character: Narrator The misunderstanding: The unnamed protagonist of this stream-of-consciousness short story is a young woman being treated for her â€Å"nervous condition† with forced bed rest and isolation. Though she protests, she is treated like a child until she literally goes insane, thanks to her husband John’s patronizing and misogynistic medical practices. The truth: The protagonist is more competent and capable than she’s given credit for and knows her health better than anyone. If her husband had listened to her and allowed her to do some work or get out of the house while depressed, she maybe wouldn’t have so thoroughly lost her grip on reality. 3. Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen The character: Mr. Darcy The misunderstanding: Just about the richest character in the book, Mr. Darcy seems rude, standoffish, and stuck-up to just about everyone else in the novel. In Elizabeth Bennet’s eyes, he seems incapable of saying anything nice or enjoying anyone’s presence. The truth: On a second read-through, it begins to become clear that that he’s not so much stuck-up as he is adorably socially inept, especially after having been chastised by Elizabeth. He’s just doing his best. 4. A Christmas Carol by Charles Dickens The character: Ebenezer Scrooge The misunderstanding: He hates Christmas and, it seems, all things good and happy. To everyone in the town, he’s a Christmas-hating, little-boy-mistreating, downright-evil old humbug who only thinks about money. The truth: Admittedly he’s nasty, but once you peel back the layers of trauma, you’ll see he’s a complex person who has been hurt and is actually capable of doing nice things for other people. 5. The Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka The character: Gregor Samsa The misunderstanding: After Gregor Samsa mysteriously becomes a gigantic insect (literally), his entire family shuns him and treats him like, well, a giant disgusting bug. And in doing so, they seem to forget that he is still their beloved son and brother. The truth: Even though he’s developed a new fondness for music, as well as an appetite for rotten garbage, he’s still the same person- more or less. And, just like any person, he suffers when ostracized. 6. Hamlet by William Shakespeare The character: Ophelia The misunderstanding: For apparently no reason, Ophelia goes insane, then kills herself. The truth: A kind, obedient, and innocent person, Ophelia falls victim to the political intrigue of Claudius’s court. Her overbearing father and brother chastise her for the affection she has for Hamlet, and when she becomes distraught after Hamlet begins mistreating her, she kills herself, having had no one around who would listen to her. 7. Miss Brill by Katherine Mansfield The character: Miss Brill The misunderstanding: The titular Miss Brill spends a day in the park, people-watching and enjoying the sights. But to those around her, she seems out-of-place, sitting alone on a park bench wearing her over-the-top fur. All in all, she comes across as off-putting and maybe even a little crazy. The truth: She just wants to be included in the world around her, creating fantasies of how she’s connected to everyone. But she ends up realizing more than ever how much of an outcast she is, and in turn, she ends up getting a glimpse of how cruel people can be. So, which characters do you owe a second chance? Are there any other characters out there you feel get a bad rap? Let us know in the comments!

World Peace essays

World Peace essays World peace is a commonly debated issue among todays society. Questions that arise are: Will it ever be attained? When? Is it even possible? These questions have reached the minds of everyone, with a variety of opinions. Political status, culture, and belief all affect their beliefs. Everyone has a different thought, and no one really knows. Will there be a nuclear war, engulfing the world in a nuclear inferno? Will a second coming of Christ occur? Maybe the world will unite under one leader? The worlds future in world peace can be predicted by none, but I, as many people do, have my own theory. I believe that world peace will never be attained, that it is just an idea created by the human emotion of hope. Not that this is a bad idea; it is a great thought. However, unrealistic. I will discuss in three main points why world peace is impossible to obtain. First of all, with so many varieties of religions, they cant cooperate even in todays society. Secondly, Political beliefs on gover nment varies just as greatly. Similar to religion, politics can cause just as big of an impact on war. My last reason why world peace will never be attained, is the simple fact that no one gets along with everyone. Religion comes in many forms, and in some cases, religions are at war with each other. This does not make religion bad. Most of the world would be against that thought. Some religions just need to cooperate with each other. Sadly, in some countries, religious wars render a country war torn. While everyone should be entitled to their own beliefs, they shouldnt infringe upon anothers. Political parties are found in great varieties. Many people, like the founding fathers of the United states, had everyones best interests in mind. Most political parties also have the nations best interests in mind. Unfortunately, some nations are governed by a political faction forced upon them. This demotes ...

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald

An Analysis of the Prohibition in the Great Gatsby, a Novel by F. Scott Fitzgerald Prohibition in the Great Gatsby symbolizes the resistance of the American people. F. Scott Fitzgerald gives the readers an inside look to the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby is brimming with the resistance of the alcohol bans set in place by the U.S. government. The Prohibition was set into action on January 16, 1920. No one could no longer in the U.S. manufacture, import, export, or sale alcoholic beverages(The Roaring 20s). The government was pressured into the new amendment because of many movements such as the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. The WCTU was largely concerned with the protection of the family. The union saw drinking by men a threat to wives and children. Drinking was also saw as sinful by many Protestant churches(Women Leaders of Temperance). It was groups and movements like these that undoubtedly wanted to prohibit alcohol. Although it seemed like a good concept it was tough for many to accept and even harder to execute. After the Prohibition Act came the Volstead Act ensued. This outlawed even beverages containing as little as 0.5% alcohol. Included in this was beer and wine. Many Americans thought that only hard liquor would be banned, the addition of drinks like beer and wine caused many to abandon the Prohibition Act (Prohibition). Early America wasn’t the dryest of countries. Everyone drank alcohol in some shape and form no matter the age (The Bootlegging Business). Many Americans opposed the Prohibition Act, so they found the means to get what they wanted. Underground establishments soon became a large business and a great opportunity to make some money. The most popular name for these establishments were speakeasies. The name came about because you would have to â€Å"speak easy† or quietly about it in public or around police (The Roaring 20s. While in a speakeasy patrons drank the hard liquor out of tea cups so that if a raid were to happen, they would be safe. Illegal drinking became the hit of the season. Soon gangster-owned speakeasies replaced neighborhood saloons and by 1925 they were about ten thousand speakeasies in New York (The Riverwalk Jazz). Hard liquor was very hard to buy, now that it was illegal it became very expensive. Those who could not afford it simply made their own often in bathtubs. Bathtub gin as it was called, was not always safe and was responsible for causing blindness and even death. People who had no idea what they were doing were often the ones making it. Drinking bathtub gin put drinkers at risk of consuming unsafe concentrations of wood or denatured alcohol (Prohibition). Gangsters realised that their was big money behind selling hard liquor. Not even an hour after the Prohibition Act was set in place six armed men had been found trying to rob train in Chicago of medicinal whiskey (How Prohibition Backfired). One gangster bought a group of pharmacists in the Midwest so that he was able to legally obtain alcohol and then hijack his trucks and take the alcohol for illegal uses. Alcohol used for industrial reasons was turned onto moonshine easily by bootleggers.In many large cities it wasn’t unusual for hardware stores to sell copper still and other ingredients to make alcohol (Prohibition and Why It Failed). The biggest gangster of them all was Al Capone. He made a name for himself by running a multi- million dollar operation. He smuggled illegal alcohol into Chicago. He was also known for being incredibly violent with his rival gangs (The Roaring 20s). In two years, Capone was earning around sixty million a year from alcohol sales alone. Capone was able to bribe the police and important politicians of Chicago, overall it cost him seventy five million dollars to keep them in line but he considered it a good investment. The mayor of Chicago in 1927 was one of Capone’s men, Big Bill Thompson (Prohibition and the Gangsters). Prohibition was never enforceable. Moderate drinking for Americans just simply wasn’t viewed as sinful (Prohibition). The Prohibition proved to be worthless and only lowed the regard for the government and law. In 1933, the eighteenth amendment was repealed, although many states kept the idea (The Roaring 20s). Many scholars have concluded that the Prohibition did more damage rather than help the communities. The greatest failure of the Prohibition was that it led to growth in organised crime. It also failed because ordinary citizens were willing to break the law. Corruption was rife among the police as well as those who were charged with enforcing the Prohibition(Prohibition and Why It Failed). Gatsby was known to have these crazy parties where people got drunk. Meaning he was able to get his hands on alcohol illegally. â€Å"He and this Wolfsheim bought up a lot of side- street drug stores here and in Chicago and sold grain alcohol over the counter†. Gatsby did something very similar to an gangster in new York that bought the pharmacies. Gatsby then used the alcohol at his gigantic parties (The Great Gatsby). Symbolized in the Great Gatsby was the Prohibition. Gatsby had large parties were many people would get wildly drunk. Fitzgerald gave his readers an inside look into his life. The roaring 20s. The Great Gatsby is filled with resistance from many American people that once supported the Prohibition Act.

Integrated Technology Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Integrated Technology Systems - Essay Example However, humanity is developing ever since the first dawn of jungle life when humans were living in caves and eating raw flesh of animals and they used leaves to cover their bodies but one thing they had in common with modern man and it was the urge to develop and grow into better beings. This need helped them in the conquest of building agricultural societies which finally gave birth to industrialized cities and the most advanced form of civilization exists in the form of knowledge communities of the west and all advancement is being considered as the result of the need of humans to experience betterment (Peck, 2005). Wright brothers developed first working model of an aeroplane which was in fact based on the theoretical work of Leonardo Di Vinci and currently same principles are refined in order build planes like Boeing 777 that have a wing span of more than 200 feet. The development is the essence of human existence and therefore, evolution always remained a defining attribute of human race. The climatologists are always remained interested in gauging climate change, rain and wind speed. In early days of the field, raw footers were used in order to measure the level of rainfall and with the passage of time; humans developed more sophisticated means to do that. Again the process of evolution kicked in and scientists effectively developed new measures for gauging rainfall. However, the basic principles remained the same but techniques changed dramatically over the past few decades. Even in the modern age of the 21st century, weather experts are measuring rainfall in millimetres and centimetres. The main idea of scientific development is to minimize the level of human effort needed to get the job done. The concepts remain the same and means of applying them change as world clock moves forwards (Kemp, 1994). The conventional methods of measuring rainfall were crude and these were more

T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

T.S. Eliot's The Wasteland - Essay Example "What Tiresias sees," Eliot tells us, "is the substance of the poem." But it is the nature of Tiresias' vision that is our concern. There are three principal stories about Tiresias, all of them relevant. In Oedipus Rex, sitting "by Thebes below the wall" he knew why, and as a consequence of what violent death and what illicit amour, the pestilence had fallen on the unreal city, but declined to tell. In the Odyssey he "walked among the lowest of the dead" and evaded predicting Odysseus' death by water; the encounter was somehow necessary to Odysseus' homecoming, and Odysseus was somehow satisfied with it, and did get home, for a while. In the Metamorphoses he underwent a change of sex for watching the coupling of snakes: presumably the occasion on which he "foresuffered" what is tonight "enacted on this same divan or bed." He is often the prophet who knows but withholds his knowledge, just as Hieronymo, who is mentioned at the close of the poem, knew how the tree he had planted in his garden came to bear his dead son, but was compelled to withhold that knowledge until he could write a play which, like The Waste L and, employs several languages and a framework of allusions impenetrable to anyone but the "hypocrite lecteur." It is an inescapable shared guilt that makes us so intimate with the contents of this strange deathly poem; it is also, in an age that has eaten of the tree of the knowledge of psychology and anthropology ("After such knowledge, what forgiveness"), an inescapable morbid sympathy with everyone else, very destructive to the coherent personality, that (like Tiresias' years as a woman) enables us to join with him in "fore suffering all." These sciences afford us an illusion of understanding other people, on which we build sympathies that in an ideal era would have gone out with a less pathological generosity, and that are as likely as not projections of our self-pity and self-absorption, vices for which Freud and Frazer afford dangerous nourishment. Tiresias is he who has lost the sense of other people as inviolably other, and who is capable neither of pity nor terror but only of a fascination spuriously related to compassion, which is merely the twentieth century's special mutation of indifference. The "dissociation of sensibility" cataloged by Eliot's imagery traces the dissociation of individual senses from each other in the absence of any intellectual Aufhebung into a logos. There is a great irony, for example, in Eliot's assertion that "what Tiresias sees, in fact, is the substance of the poem." Tiresias' blindness should, according to myth, grant him a vision of the truth. What he "sees" in Eliot's poem is a troping of the primal scene in the mechanical copulation of the typist and the young man carbuncular. The metric, the rhyme scheme, and the ending sight of the "automatic hand" that "puts a record on the gramophone" enforce a feeling of remorseless repetition of a scene "foresuffered" a thousand times in memory and desire. Tiresias endlessly sees the scene of the crime, the origin of his own "blinding" or castration in witnessing the difference between men and women. What Tiresias sees is "substance" itself, physical life (or signifiers) unredeemed by spirit (or a tran scendental signified). Eliot's note plays on the philosophic sense of "substance" as essence and tacitly reminds us of its declension into mere matter. In some legends, Tiresias loses his eyes in retaliation for looking upon the naked body of the bathing Athena, goddess of wisdom. In the version from Ovid that Eliot quotes as "of great anthropological interest," we have

Highlight important points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Highlight important points - Essay Example The series presents twelve substitutes that have socio-economic structures that extend the probabilities for equity, oneness, fairness, justice and a firm society (Bell 50). Some of these originate from diverse dispensations, some bear a national or global level, some come up because of revolutionary movements, some governments adopt while others reject such models in their policies. In these narratives, the female figures explicate on their role to form these models and depict their unique challenges and viewpoints in the movements. The book addresses an augmenting acceleration of making water, oil, land and the natural world a commodity, an issue that has elicited the matter of power play and the issue of taking away resources that some communities have survived and sustained themselves with since time immemorial. Oil is one instance where the domination of international affiliations has elicited displacement of masses of people, conflicts in the social arena and destroyed the relationship between aboriginal communities and their surroundings (Bell 18). The book asserts how diverse groups from the entire globe are struggling to shield an alternative comprehension of the globe and how people ought to handle it, however (Bell 21). They observe resources such as oil as a parcel of the worldwide commons, the collection of natural resources, fundamental services, social spaces, and cultural diversities that should be of public trust that everyone ought to enjoy rather than merchandise for sale. The Spanish term â€Å"el bien comun† meaning the common good, summarizes the conception of such assets. The basic notion of life, intelligence, inter-relationships, normal culture and earth’s treasures lies behind the commons and are not capital. In all places, aboriginal people are claiming their independence over their land, which inculcates the autonomy to self-ruling and ardent control

Sales management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Sales management - Essay Example To make matters worse, various selling jobs in the same organization can involve very different tasks and the tasks may vary between organizations in the same industry (1996). Thus, to give a clear picture of what is expected out of new hires, sales training is important. To explain the personal and professional characteristics necessary for a successful sales career: New hires expect to know the growth path in the organization and also the requirements to progress on the growth path. Sales training involves the training on aspects such as personal characteristics attitude, role perception, skill refinement and professionalism which chart the progress of employees on growth path. To enthuse the new employee to pick-up quickly: A new employee is often uncertain of the environment/culture and working of the organization. Hence, it is important to enthuse the new employee with a training which will clear his doubts about the working and climb the learning curves speedily. To motivate the employees: One of the biggest challenges employers face is keeping staff morale high and enthusiasm up. Sales trainings will not only improve the knowledge base of the employees but add to the feeling that they are valued. This will result in making their sales call more effective, and also increasing their confidence & earning potential (Penistone 2002) . To impart the latest tactics or knowledge on current/ future market practices: The market place keeps evolving and competitors keep coming up with new ideas which should be either countered or emulated in an effort to stay in the race. With the daily routine job, sales people often miss to keep a tab on new and famous in the market. Hence, sales training is important to teach the existing employees the latest tactics in sales. To encourage specialization: Sales trainings, if carefully crafted, encourage sales persons to choose a line of sales

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique - Essay Example In essence, justified theft can be committed in Buddhist tradition, in a specified circumstance. Justified theft in Buddhist tradition is committed with the objective of countering dishonesty. For example, I have witnessed Sakka commit a justified theft by stealing a stolen relic from Brahmin Dona, which would have resulted to a dishonor of Buddha’s relic. Additionally, the article depicts that, in Sri Lanka, there is a belief that a relic would disappear if it were not properly venerated. Essentially, the article demonstrates that a relic has the power to consent its own theft, and this is better understood as a theft not being a theft (Trainor, 1992: p7). 2. What did you find difficult to understand from the article? I found difficulty in understanding why conflict would arise among the eight territorial clans because they all want to own part of the relic. I also do not understand the reason why the clans, would not settle on establishing a single location in which the whol e of the relic would have been put for to ensure easier veneration. Instead, they settled on dividing the relics among themselves, which resulted in some individuals stealing the relic while other clans became unsatisfied. Moreover, I come short of understanding why the followers of Buddhist tradition would resolve to violate the traditions principles just to own the relic of the traditions founder (Trainor, 1992: p12). 3. What did the author do well, either in her argument or in presentation? The author did well, in the article, by providing a presentation that had an introduction of how the Buddhist tradition came to have a number of venerated relics. He also depicted how the concept of â€Å"theft not a theft† is established by providing various examples in Buddhist tradition and texts. Furthermore, his arguments are based on authoritative scriptural warrants, and thus, his article has arguments that are factual in nature. The presentation is chronological in the sense tha t it entails events that preceded the immediate death of Buddha. The article also enjoys a deep understanding of the Buddhist tradition and relics. Evidently, the author satisfactorily discussed how, in Buddhist tradition, a theft that is not a theft is committed. He shows this by discussing that a relic is powerful in that it can only be stolen from a place where it is not properly venerated. Lastly, the author did well by pointing out problematic areas in Buddhist tradition; firstly, the act of stealing is forbidden in Buddhist tradition, but acts of stealing relics exist. Secondly, the act of being attached to a relic is against the Buddhist teaching of being attached to objects, which can be put under human possession and manipulation (Trainor, 1992: p20). 4. What do you think the author could have done better? The author could have done better by giving the discussion on relics a different approach apart from the concept of â€Å"theft not a theft†. The concept could hav e entailed something like â€Å"honoring a dishonored cause†. This would eliminate the negativity that has been associated with a tradition whose founder had attained a high degree of enlightenment. Additionally, the author would have justified the above premise by providing scriptural warrants from Buddhist tradition and text. This would have resulted in a positive depiction of Buddhist tradition and the idea of veneration (Trainor, 1992: p3). 5. What personal reflections came to mind while reading the

Highlight important points Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Highlight important points - Essay Example The series presents twelve substitutes that have socio-economic structures that extend the probabilities for equity, oneness, fairness, justice and a firm society (Bell 50). Some of these originate from diverse dispensations, some bear a national or global level, some come up because of revolutionary movements, some governments adopt while others reject such models in their policies. In these narratives, the female figures explicate on their role to form these models and depict their unique challenges and viewpoints in the movements. The book addresses an augmenting acceleration of making water, oil, land and the natural world a commodity, an issue that has elicited the matter of power play and the issue of taking away resources that some communities have survived and sustained themselves with since time immemorial. Oil is one instance where the domination of international affiliations has elicited displacement of masses of people, conflicts in the social arena and destroyed the relationship between aboriginal communities and their surroundings (Bell 18). The book asserts how diverse groups from the entire globe are struggling to shield an alternative comprehension of the globe and how people ought to handle it, however (Bell 21). They observe resources such as oil as a parcel of the worldwide commons, the collection of natural resources, fundamental services, social spaces, and cultural diversities that should be of public trust that everyone ought to enjoy rather than merchandise for sale. The Spanish term â€Å"el bien comun† meaning the common good, summarizes the conception of such assets. The basic notion of life, intelligence, inter-relationships, normal culture and earth’s treasures lies behind the commons and are not capital. In all places, aboriginal people are claiming their independence over their land, which inculcates the autonomy to self-ruling and ardent control

Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critique - Essay Example In essence, justified theft can be committed in Buddhist tradition, in a specified circumstance. Justified theft in Buddhist tradition is committed with the objective of countering dishonesty. For example, I have witnessed Sakka commit a justified theft by stealing a stolen relic from Brahmin Dona, which would have resulted to a dishonor of Buddha’s relic. Additionally, the article depicts that, in Sri Lanka, there is a belief that a relic would disappear if it were not properly venerated. Essentially, the article demonstrates that a relic has the power to consent its own theft, and this is better understood as a theft not being a theft (Trainor, 1992: p7). 2. What did you find difficult to understand from the article? I found difficulty in understanding why conflict would arise among the eight territorial clans because they all want to own part of the relic. I also do not understand the reason why the clans, would not settle on establishing a single location in which the whol e of the relic would have been put for to ensure easier veneration. Instead, they settled on dividing the relics among themselves, which resulted in some individuals stealing the relic while other clans became unsatisfied. Moreover, I come short of understanding why the followers of Buddhist tradition would resolve to violate the traditions principles just to own the relic of the traditions founder (Trainor, 1992: p12). 3. What did the author do well, either in her argument or in presentation? The author did well, in the article, by providing a presentation that had an introduction of how the Buddhist tradition came to have a number of venerated relics. He also depicted how the concept of â€Å"theft not a theft† is established by providing various examples in Buddhist tradition and texts. Furthermore, his arguments are based on authoritative scriptural warrants, and thus, his article has arguments that are factual in nature. The presentation is chronological in the sense tha t it entails events that preceded the immediate death of Buddha. The article also enjoys a deep understanding of the Buddhist tradition and relics. Evidently, the author satisfactorily discussed how, in Buddhist tradition, a theft that is not a theft is committed. He shows this by discussing that a relic is powerful in that it can only be stolen from a place where it is not properly venerated. Lastly, the author did well by pointing out problematic areas in Buddhist tradition; firstly, the act of stealing is forbidden in Buddhist tradition, but acts of stealing relics exist. Secondly, the act of being attached to a relic is against the Buddhist teaching of being attached to objects, which can be put under human possession and manipulation (Trainor, 1992: p20). 4. What do you think the author could have done better? The author could have done better by giving the discussion on relics a different approach apart from the concept of â€Å"theft not a theft†. The concept could hav e entailed something like â€Å"honoring a dishonored cause†. This would eliminate the negativity that has been associated with a tradition whose founder had attained a high degree of enlightenment. Additionally, the author would have justified the above premise by providing scriptural warrants from Buddhist tradition and text. This would have resulted in a positive depiction of Buddhist tradition and the idea of veneration (Trainor, 1992: p3). 5. What personal reflections came to mind while reading the

History of Communication Essay Example for Free

History of Communication Essay The history of communication dates back to prehistory, with significant changes in communication technologies (media and appropriate inscription tools) evolving in tandem with shifts in political and economic systems, and by extension, systems of power. Communication can range from very subtle processes of exchange, to full conversations and mass communication. Human communication was revolutionized with speech approximately 100,000 years ago. Symbols were developed about 30,000 years ago, and writing in the past few centuries. Petro glyphs The next step in the history of communications is petroglyphs, carvings into a rock surface. It took about 20,000 years for homo sapiens to move from the first cave paintings to the first petroglyphs, which are dated to around 10,000BC. It is possible that the humans of that time used some other forms of communication, often for mnemonic purposes specially arranged stones, symbols carved in wood or earth, quipu-like ropes, tattoos, but little other than the most durable carved stones has survived to modern times and we can only speculate about their existence based on our observation of still existing hunter-gatherer cultures such as those of Africa or Oceania. Pictograms A pictogram (pictograph) is a symbol representing a concept, object, activity, place or event by illustration. Pictography is a form of proto-writing whereby ideas are transmitted through drawing. Pictographs were the next step in the evolution of communication: the most important difference between petroglyphs and pictograms is that petroglyphs are simply showing an event, but pictograms are telling a story about the event, thus they can for example be ordered in chronological order. Pictograms were used by various ancient cultures all over the world since around 9000 BC, when tokens marked with simple pictures began to be used to label basic farm produce, and become increasingly popular around 6000-5000 BC. They were the basis of cuneiform and hieroglyphs, and began to develop into logographic writing systems around 5000 BC. Ideograms Pictograms, in turn, evolved into ideograms, graphical symbols that represent an idea. Their ancestors, the pictograms, could represent only something resembling their form: therefore a pictogram of a circle could represent a sun, but not concepts like heat, light, day or Great God of the Sun. Ideograms, on the other hand, could convey more abstract concepts, so that for example an ideogram of two sticks can mean not only legs but also a verb to walk. Because some ideas are universal, many different cultures developed similar ideograms. For example an eye with a tear means sadness in Native Americanideograms in California, as it does for the Aztecs, the early Chinese and the Egyptians. Ideograms were precursors of logographic writing systems such as Egyptian hieroglyphs and Chinese characters. Examples of ideographical proto-writing systems, thought not to contain language-specific information, include the Vinca script (see also TÄÆ'rtÄÆ'ria tablets) and the early Indus script. In both cases there are claims of decipherment of linguistic content, without wide acceptance.

The Common European Framework For Languages English Language Essay

The Common European Framework For Languages English Language Essay The teaching and learning of languages in Germany in school contexts changed a lot in the last years. The trend in terms of education policy of standardization and competence orientation dominates more and more the German language teaching. The policy supports in an active way this reform. One of the most influential documents of this development is the Common European framework for languages. Its influence is in Germany especially strong since the authors of the German education standards for the first foreign language adopted nearly completely its concept. In this work I will show what the reform of language teaching in Germany mean. I will find answers for the question what competence orientated foreign language teaching is and I will consider how the Common European framework for languages and the German education standards for the first foreign language are related to this trend. Finally I will weight the positive aspects up against the problematic points of this development. 2. Reform of German foreign language teaching development of a competence orientated learning and teaching For quite a while the teaching and learning of languages in Germany in school contexts is influenced from a trend in terms of educational policy, called competence orientated teaching. (Hu 2008: S. 1) But what exactly is this trend, which dominates the discussion of the scientific community of those concerned with foreign language teaching and research? What is the potential of the changes which are accompanied by the competence orientated teaching and which aspects of this trend are controversial? A long time language teaching in German schools aimed to the instruction for four language skills: oral comprehension, written comprehension, speaking and writing. The teaching and learning of foreign languages was therefore clearly geared toward the language system of the respective language. (Hu, Leupold 2008: 52) Changes of the conditions of the external world, such as the progression of the globalisation, an increase of mobility of the people, relating to the evolution of globalisation and the phenomenon of migration lead to a different target of language teaching. The objective of language teaching in German schools was now the training of a so-called competence of communication. Before that time, the language system of the respective language was the focus of language teaching. After the change of the role of foreign languages in the life, the focus of learning and teaching languages was that the learners become able to express whatever it is they want to express. (Hu, Leupold 2008: 53) The Pragmatics, a subfield of linguistic, explained the complexity of the competence of communication by dividing it in several parts: linguistic competence, socio-linguistic competence, competence of discourse, strategically competence, socio-cultural competence, social competence. (Hu, Leupold 2008: 53) All in all, the development of language teaching in Germany is often described by scientific community as a change from orientation towards the input to an orientation towards the output. No longer the contents that the pupil has to learn are considered as the most important question of educational policy. The competences, abilities that the pupils can achieve by learning quite different contents are now the focus of the discussion in terms of educational policy. (Weil 2010: 16) In Germany that restructuring was especially driven forward after the so-called shock of Pisa in 2000. The Kultusministerkonferenz  [1]  (KMK) developed a strategy, a key element of which are the German education standards for the first foreign language (English/French) and the included idea of competence orientated teaching. The plan is to develop medium or long term aims for each subject of the German education system. The targets should be competence orientated and clearly fixed, so that it is possible to peer-review them. This project both challenged and changed the teaching and learning of languages in Germany. The idea of competence orientated language teaching is reflected in different parts of the German school system: in the education standards for the first foreign language, which is based on the Common European framework for languages, in exams comparing the accomplishment of all German pupils at a certain age, in types of exercises, which have to be involved in all language classes of German schools, etc. One of the most important or maybe the most important event of the described reform of learning and teaching languages is the Common European framework of languages in Germany. That is why this document will be the focus of the next part of my work. In the first part of this chapter I will look into what kind of document the CEFR is. In the second part I will show the implementation of the document in the German education system of language teaching. In the third part I will consider the reception of the CEFR and the idea of competence orientated teaching. 3. The Common European framework for languages 3.1 What is the CEFR? The CEFR was published in 2000 as result of many years of work on the European level. One year later a version in German language was published. The primary goal of the document was to create a closer unity between the member states. Therefore the target of the CEFR is first of all politically motivated. (Hu 2008: 4) Other important intentions of the CEFR can be summarized as follows: Intensification of learning and teaching languages, so that the people of the European Union have more mobility and so that a international communication can be more effective support of the concept of a European plurilingualism lifelong language learning to make the recognition of language qualifications easier to create the possibility of comparison of programmes for language learning, for language certificates to create more transparency and to describe realistic goals of language learning (chapter 1 of the CEFR) In the CEFR language is always considered, as we can see in the first chapter of the long document, as kind of a human action. In the concept of the CEFR learning a language serves for communication. The division of the complex ability to have mastered a foreign language in several parts, that can be assessed, has an especially huge influence of language teaching. Here you can see which different competences, considered as important for learning a language, are listed in the CEFR: declarative knowledge (savoir) knowledge about the world socio-cultural knowledge intercultural awareness skills and procedural knowledge (savoir-faire) practical skills intercultural skills competences of personality (savoir-à ªtre) ability to learn (savoir-apprendre) So the traditional targets of language learning are extended in the CEFR by up to other intentions, that where unconsidered until then: Techniques and strategies about how to learn are presented as important aspects of language learning. The cultural dimension of learning foreign languages is represented and the CEFR also pays some attention to the demands of the personality of the learner which are related to the process of language learning. Besides this, the process of learning languages was, in the CEFR, for the first time analysed in an instrumental-functional way by dividing the process of learning in six levels. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 1) The reference levels of the CEFR serve to describe the progresses in the process of learning. It is therefore evident that the underlying concept of language of the CEFR is an instrumental-functional one. Appropriate to his competences a language learner belongs after the concept of the CEFR to one of the three broad divisions, which can be divided into six levels. Here the structuring of learning languages which is developed by the authors of the CEFR: A Basic Speaker A1 Breakthrough or beginner A2 Waystage or elementary B Independent Speaker B1 Threshold or pre-intermediate B2 Vantage or intermediate C Proficient Speaker C1 Effective Operational Proficiency or upper intermediate C2 Mastery or advanced 3.2 The implementation of the CEFR in Germany: the CEFR as underlying concept of the education standards for the first foreign language After I have outlined what kind of document the CEFR is, I will describe his implementation in the German education standards for the first foreign language and with that his enormous influence on language teaching in German schools. In 2000, for the first time the international school study PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) was performed. This is an international evaluation of the scholastic performance of 15-year-old pupils, which is coordinated by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). The relatively bad results of the German pupils (Born 2003) revealed the discrepancy between the targets and the requirements of the educational system and the real results. Because of the PISA results of 2000, the German educational policy was under big political pressure for action. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 1) In this conditions, the Kultusministerkonferenz passed education standards for the first foreign language (English/French) in 2003. These standards give information about the required standard of a pupil after having been at school for ten years, after the lower secondary school. These actions in term of educational policy should, at least at medium-term, improve the scholastic performance of German pupils and give Germany the chance to get a better ranking in the future. (Klieme, Leutner 2006: 876) The standardization of learning languages was a special case because a system of levels already existed from the CEFR. So the existing work form the Council of Europe was taken up. The B1 level was used as the basis for the level, which was expected at the end of lower secondary school. The educational standards describe consequently as well as the CEFR the expected normal level and not a minimal level. (Kunze 2007: 236) Since the educational standards practically adopted the skills of the CEFR, two more or less simultaneous developments in educational policy with original different intentions, coincided: the possibility to compare language competences in Europe and the goal in term of educational policy to describe accurately which competences are expected from the pupils at a certain grade, so that the scholastic performance can be assessed in a well founded way. (Hu 2008: 5) In spite of the different intentions the education standards for the first foreign language are clearly based on the CEFR. Also the division of the very complex competence to have mastered a language follows the example of the CEFR. Merely the terms and the presentation are different. The concept is nearly the same: skills of communication oral comprehension written comprehension speaking writing translating handling of the language system (grammar and vocabulary) vocabulary grammar pronunciation and intonation orthography intercultural competences socio-cultural knowledge comprehensive way to handle cultural differences coping with intercultural situations in practice competences of methods reception of texts (oral and written comprehension) ability to interact with texts production of texts (speaking and writing) strategies of learning presentation; to handle with mediums being conscious about the process of learning By the implementation of the CEFR in the German education standards, the European Councils document of learning and teaching of languages has a large influence on the language teaching in German schools. That is the reason why the CEFR is conspicuously often discussed by the German scientific community of those concerned with foreign language teaching and research. 3.3 Reception of the Common European framework for languages in Germany In this last part of my work I will consider the controversial discussion about the CEFR, its positive aspects and its weak spots. First I will speak about the positive points of the CEFR. Later I will present aspects which are criticised and at last I will give a short personal view on the CEFR and the underlying concept of language learning. 3.3.1 Positive aspects of the CEFR The CEFR led to a fundamental discussion of the teaching and learning of languages and it brought up the question about what the global targets of learning foreign languages are. The function of the CEFR as a stimulus to think about the being of language teaching is clearly profitable for future teaching and learning of languages. The process of rethinking traditions which was activated this way has shown for example one more time that the grammar focussed language teaching can not be justified by the actual point of view. (Neuner 2003) Many see the standardization of language learning positively, especially in Germany. Since the sixteen federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany have developed their own targets up to that time, the demands in the various parts of Germany were often quite different. Therefore a standardization of the global intention and the expected competences from the pupil, was necessary to support the pupils in achieving mobility and to create more justice for the pupils in Germany. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 9) A great step forward for language teaching, which is related to the CEFR, is the change of perspective on the process of learning. Before that, the judgements of the pupils performance was usually made deficit orientated. Faults and aspects of the language at which the pupils arent good were the focus of traditional language teaching. The CEFR lead however to a perspective in which the already acquired competences are focused. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 9-10) Like this change of perspective, the division of the global language-competence in several parts, as well as the organization in six levels influence the motivation of learner and teacher in a positive way. The process of learning a language is getting more structured and can be better organized. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 10) 3.3.2 Criticised aspects of the CEFR and his implementation in the German education system After the presentation of all this positive aspects I will show some examples of important points that are criticised. Problematic in the reform of the German education system by the implementation of the described standards is, that the teachers arent sufficiently involved. There are only very little workshops for introducing the teacher to the new way. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 11) Besides the underlying concept of language is often considered as one-sided: only the instrumental-functional aspect of language is taken into consideration. Aesthetic, creative and cultural dimensions of language are for example neglected. (Caspari, Grà ¼newald etc. 2008: 12) Another paradox problem related to the concept of competence orientated teaching is, that competences like intercultural competences, that are hard to assess, will be probably neglected in this reform, even if it is listed in the CEFR and the German education standards. Under the pressure of proving, that certain targets are reached, it is not surprising, that at first those goals which are hard to assess will be neglected. (Hu 2008: 6) All in all the emotional aspect of learning a language is not sufficiently taken into consideration. The importance to consider the needs and interests of learners are not really appreciated. (Kà ¶nigs 2003: 115) 4. Conclusion The precedent considerations about the development in educational policy show that a reform of language teaching in Germany was necessary. The results of the Pisa-studies 2000 made this necessity obvious. Nevertheless the changes are discussed in a controversial way and there are many aspects which have to be criticised. Especially the concept of language which underlie the idea of competence orientated language teaching is in several aspects problematic. It is one-sided instrumental-functional and overlook the creative, aesthetic and cultural dimension of languages. In my personal experience this aspects of foreign languages were always very important in the process of learning a language a way which is sometimes hard to go. That is why the needs and interest of language learners are extremely important aspects in the language-learning-process and why they it is important to involve them more in the actual development.

Phenomenology and Architecture Essay -- Environmental and Architectural

Introduction Phenomenology can be deemed to be both an unambiguous academic research field and a theoretical design current within contemporary architecture and is usually founded on one’s experience of the materials used in construction inclusive of their sensory characteristics. In this regard, architecture is the impetus towards transformation and inspiration of an individual’s daily existence. Unlike other forms of art, architecture employs the immediacy of an individual’s sensory perception. The complete architectural experience is dependent on many factors such as details, materials, texture, color phenomena, transparency and shadows, time passage, etc. There is the huge phenomenon that phenomenology does not exist in architecture but rather the problems associated with it. This theory is very debatable and this paper will aim at expounding on some of the aspects associated with phenomenology. Acoustical Intimacy Science The ear, which is the organ that the body uses to achieve acoustical intimacy, is capable of defining a space and the resultant effect is a sculptural image encrypted in the deep parts of the mind. Acoustic science dictates that sound can be softened or refracted by the surfaces of copious entities of personal life. All spaces and buildings posses individual characteristic sounds of monumentality or intimacy, hostility or hospitality and invitation or rejection. The ability to hear generates a sense of solidarity and connection contrary to the ability to see which creates a feeling of solitude. The sound of a friend approaching you behind your back definitely has a charge filled with emotion as th... ...nds: TU Delft Department of Industrial Design, 2006. Holl, Steven, Juhani Pallasma, and Alberto Perez- Gomez. Questions of Perception. Tokyo: a+u Publishing Co., 1994. Le Corbusier. Towards a new architecture. London: Architectural press, 1959. Levin, D.M. The Opening of Vision – Nihilism and the Postmodern Situation. New York and London: Routledge, 1988. Pallasmaa, Juhani. An Architecture of the Seven Senses, Questions of Perception. Tokyo: a+u Publishing Co., 1994. Pallasmaa, Juhani. The eyes of the skin – Architecture and the Senses. Great Britain: Academy Editions, 1994. Yusufzai, Zinat. â€Å"The Lucidity of Place.† Thesis of Master of Architecture in the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (2001): 10-20. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-11302001-161439/unrestricted/thesis-low-res.pdf (accessed February 19, 2014).

Social Implications: Access to Technology Essay -- Essays Papers

Social Implications: Access to Technology Has the Internet and the computerization of work, education, and life itself lead to inequalities in the access to technology and information among people with respect to differences in race, economic classes, education, and gender? With the end of the Cold War, a newly emerging global marketplace economy aided by advancing computer and information processing technologies have rapidly changed the way people live and work. I recognize the necessity to have access to technology, and the changing need for technology over the course of a person's life. "Technological changes have outpaced ethical developments, bringing about unanticipated problems that have caused a "policy vacuum" filled by Computer Ethics, which has initially surfaced from practical concerns arising in the information society: rational decisions have to be taken, technical, educational and ethical problems must be solved, legislation needs to be adopted, and a combination of empirical evidence and logical arguments seems to provide the most obvious and promising means to achieve such pressing goals." (http://www.wolfson.ox.ac.uk/~floridi/ie.htm#1) By researching this values question, I believe that I will gain new insight and knowledge about the importance of parity in access to technology. This web site will examine if there are inequalities in the access to technology and if so how they impact our society, and discuss ways to provide solutions for equal access for people of color, underprivledged classes, educational and career purposes, and both sexes. Computer technology affects society in many ways. One needs to recognize the concerns for social responsibility in which computing technology is used. Advanc... ...righttoknow/) (03 March 2000) Ursery, Danney. Normative Ethical Principles and Theories: Utilitarian Theory Online. Internet Available (http://www.stedwards.edu/ursery/norm.htm#utility) (24 March 2000) Ursery, Danney. Normative Ethical Principles and Theories: Social Contract Theory Online. Internet Available (http://www.stedwards.edu/ursery/norm.htm#social) (24 March 2000) Ursery, Danney. Exploring Values: Moral Rules, Moral Principles and Value Statements: Online. Internet Available (http://www.stedwards.edu/ursery/values.htm) (24 March 2000) Equal Access to Software and Information. Online. Internet Available (http://www.rit.edu/~easi/) Lacey, Marc. Clinton Uses High-Tech Show to Push Plan for Internet Parity. (New York Times 19 April 2000) Harmon, Amy. Racial Divide Found on Information Highway. (New York Times 17 April 1998)

Muslim views on medical and sexual questions Essay

Transsexuals are people who believe that their mind is trapped within the body of someone who is of the opposite sex. Many of them who are unable to have the necessary sex organ change operation end up committing suicide. However in the terms of shariah law, it is not allowed for men and women to change their gender to the opposite sex. If one goes against the Shariah law, then he/she will be violating the commandments of the Qur’an and Hadith. The Shariah has also gone to the extent where women are not allowed to dress as men, and men are not allowed to dress as women. It is noted in an Hadith that Prophet Muhammed (pbuh) cursed those men who imitated women and those men who imitated women. If one was to undergo a sex change, then he/she will be altering the natural features and organs that Allah had blessed them with. Many patients have problems with their sex lives, so they seek the help of a doctor or in such cases, they are recommended to go to sex counselling sessions. However it is not allowed for Muslim physicians to engage such conversations. If a husband and wife had problems in their sexual lives, then they would consult a doctor of their own sex. They should then give a broad outline of their problem and not go into such detail. The Muslim doctor would not be allowed to find out such explicit details or show the patient videos that demonstrate such sexual acts. However during sexual therapy lessons, explicit video films which demonstrate such explicit acts may be shown to the patient. It is totally against the Shariah Law for the patient to watch such explicit acts. Some people take advantage of mentally retarded people by having sex with them. So in order to reduce the chance of them falling pregnant, they can be sterilized. This is cause due to their mental state, they would be unable to care for the child. Methods of contraception such as the use of pills can be used instead of using the method of sterilisation as it would mean that all chances of a future hope of pregnancy will be lost. It is not allowed for the mental patient to be castrated but medicine can be administrated which would suppress their sexual urges. Recent studies show that homosexuality is genetically inclined. In Islam, homosexuality is forbidden so it is merely a plot from Shaytaan who’s aim is to make homosexuality more acceptable in our society. The main duty of a Muslim psychiatrist is dissuade his/her patient from indulging in such haram acts. The act of homosexuality has been condemned in the Qur’an and Hadith. Brain-stem death is accepted in the field of medicine as doctors have been entrusted in confirming that a person is dead. In Islam, a person is only considered dead when his soul has left its body. The body then becomes cold and stiff. If left for a long period of time, then the body begins to decompose. If these signs are visible, then the person is considered to be dead in terms of the Shariah. If these signs are not visible, then the person is not considered to be dead. In this case, whether a brain-stem dead person is dead or not is not relevant. In either case, the persons organs are not allowed to be removed from the body. The organs and limbs of a deceased person belongs to Allah, so the person has no right in deciding as to whom his organs are donated to. If a fellow human is dying and the only option of survival is of eating another humans limb and another human gladly offers the too, it will not be allowed.

Health and Health Care Essay

The book â€Å"Health and Health Care 2010: The Forecast, The Challenge† by Roy Amara et al. provides detailed analysis of trends that will affect health care policies and practices by 2010. In particular, the authors have made an excellent effort to forecast stability and volatility of health care in the USA. The authors cover the following topics: health care forecast, demographic trends, health care demands, health insurance, children’s health, medical and information technologies, diversity and the workforce. Managers and staff members will find the chapters about information and medical technologies of particular interest. Nevertheless, the issue of ablation is paid too little attention. The authors argue that the primary purpose of the book is to make readers aware of critical factors that affect health care system in the beginning of the 21st century. When speaking about demographic trends and burden of disease, they claim that American population will be more ethnically diverse and older. Thus, such situation will be very likely to result in increased number of chronic diseases. One more important problem is that health care costs have increased meaning that less people can afford highly-qualified medical support. The authors predict growth of Medicare and Medicaid by 2010 due to changes in health care insurance systems. They say that â€Å"during the 1990’s, the managed care became the dominant health care insurance and delivery system, covering more than 60 percent of publicly and privately insured lives†. (p. XX) Managed care plays is argued to play important role in controlling national expenditures on health care, and people are provided with coordinated health care. Nevertheless, managed care is highly criticized by physicians, the media and consumers, but the government decided to make managed care an effective mechanism of controlling costs and delivering health care. The way the health care system is organized is swiftly changing, and surplus of hospital beds will contribute to consumer’s market. However, intermediaries will be entailed with a new role. The authors mention that the negative moment is that little changes were provided in the way the physicians practice medicine. Even the invention of the telephone, the computer and Internet didn’t significantly change medical practices. Of course, exceptions are present. It is physicians who are the central figures in health care, but surplus of doctors and new roles of health care providers are very likely to shift that paradigm over the next decades. New medical and information technologies are of particular interest for managers and staff members, and they are claimed to be the key driving force in organization of the health care system in the beginning of the 21st century. The problem is that health care industry is the last in implementing information technologies that would increase quality and effectiveness of health care delivery. The authors write that â€Å"beginning in the19th century, medicine has made great strides in verifying the germ theory, creating aseptic surgical techniques, discovering antibiotics, developing anesthesia, and imaging the inside of the body†. (p. 111) Of course, the impact of such innovations is undeniable and huge as physicians gained an excellent opportunity to improve public health, to extend the life span, and to improve the quality of life. Moreover, the quality of health care delivering was heightened as well. Nine medical technologies are argued to significantly affect the outcomes of patient care and health care delivering: rational drug design, advances in imaging, minimally invasive surgery, genetic mapping, genetic testing, gene therapy, artificial blood, effective vaccines, implementation of stem cells and xenotransplantation. Stem cells â€Å"can generate all other types of cells in the body and therefore hold great promise for replacing or repairing tissues and organs damaged by disease†. (p. 131) Researches of stem cells are nowadays one of the most interesting, the most promising and contradictive area of discussions and medical researches. Many researchers agree that development of the new method would open new doors before medicine. Some scientists say that creating of new human embryo must be prohibited, because it s morally unacceptable and religiously unethical. The authors continue that medical management is implemented sporadically nowadays. In particular, medical management is defined as an active management of the care of the population. Today, medical management fully depends on information systems that are used for monitoring and tracking medical processes and outcomes. Disease management programs positively impact medical practices and patient management. When speaking about public health, the authors admit that â€Å"over the past 30 years the public health system has operated under pressures of resource scarcity, limits in leadership, and organizational fragmentation†. (p. 9) Public health system is safety-net medical provider, and economic problems make its performance hardly bearable. Over the next decades global forces will the context in which public health systems will be very likely to operate. The authors conclude that global economies increase health risks and, therefore, public health system should be embedded in the context of global threats and opportunities. Cost-effective technologies should be developed for enhancing surveillance, screening and environmental health. Finally, public health strategies should aim at employing ecological strategies as ecology is human and structural determinant of health behavior. Managed care will remain dominant in health care insurance. References Amara, R. et al. (2003). Health and Health Care 2010: The Forecast, The Challenge (2nd ed. ). Princeton, NJ: Jossey-Bass.