The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay

The Julius Caesar Essay History Essay Force is an objective that a great many people take a stab at in their lives. At the point when somebody underestimates power they can control their companions and cause genuine difficulty. As far as antiquated history, explicitly with respect to old Rome, having an excessive amount of intensity can prompt negative outcomes. When somebody specifies the name Julius Caesar, it triggers a picture of Romes most noteworthy pioneer ever. July 13, 100 B.C., was the start of another time in Roman culture. This denoted the introduction of Romes most prominent political figure, Gaius Julius Caesar. Julius Caesars ascend through Romes political positions of Rome came rapidly and it was accepted by numerous people in the Senate that Julius Caesar was getting unreasonably incredible to his benefit. They likewise accepted that he was turning into a danger of the Republican government.(CITE 7) After setting up himself as the despot of Rome, the Senate accepted that he had dreams of majesty and ex treme force. This prompted Senatorial trick and in the end to his death. His death was a consequence of his emotional ascent to control, which represented a danger to the senates. At last his unexpected demise was a consequence of different individual factors that outraged the legislators and made enmity among them and Caesar, regarding his passing inescapable. His passing prompts a domino impact, which happens to prompt the unavoidable breakdown of the Roman Empire. On March 15 44 BC, Gaius Julius Caesar was killed by men in his own Senate; which is known as the Ides of March. Julius Caesar had numerous men that were thinking of a plot against him to kill him. Among the 60 men plotting to kill him, many were representatives, which included Gaius Cassius Longinus, Marcus Junius Brutus, and Decimus Brutus Albinus (CITE 6). Expecting that reality if Caesar added Parthia to his victories he would irrefutably become ruler. Realizing that in four days Caesar was going on crusade against Parthia that time was squeezing, so they needed to make their move very soon (CITE 3)On the day of Caesars murder, the Senate held a gathering in a corridor nearby Pompeys sculpture. Toward the start of the gathering, a man by the name of Cimber first stooped before Caesar to argue to him and review his sibling from expulsion. At the point when Caesar cannot, Cimber yanked Julius robe down from his neck and wounded him in the upstanding shoulder, since he was anxious a nd missed his neck. (Refer to 2). Different backstabbers went with the same pattern and started to wound Caesar. At the point when they were done the cutting, Caesar lay dead with 35 injuries on his body.(CITE 3) Julius Caesars ascend to control arrived in an incredibly brief timeframe, quicker than numerous before him. Caesar picked up power using his open picture as a Populares on the grounds that he was naturally introduced to the perfect social class, as a Patrician. He originated from an old and set up family line that made it just regular for him to go into the contribution of legislative issues and government. Because of his family foundation, he had connections to the populares who were notable Roman political pioneers on the individuals. Caesar was a famous legislator speaking to the majority of the individuals. His allure and military victoriesâ over the Germanic clans in Gaul and his triumphs in Egypt, empowered him to rapidly progress up the political positions. One of the most basic political moves he made that added to his mind blowing achievement was a significant 3-way organization. Caesar proposed this 3-way organization known as the first triumvirate. This key coalition was made between Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, Marcus Licinius Crassus and Gaius Julius Caesar. It proposed by Caesar in light of the fact that there was expanding antagonistic vibe among Pompey and Crassus. They split the Roman regions between one another and the connection among Pompey and Caesar was solidified by Pompeys union with Caesars little girl, Julia. In any case, the degeneration of the Triumvirate accompanied rapidly with the passing of Caesars girl Julia, which broke the individual security that Caesar and Pompey shared. This was trailed by death of Crassus because of an assault by the Parthian armed force, which finished the Triumvirate. At the hour of the First Triumvirate, the usually known Republican type of government in Romeâ was effectively well on its approach to transforming into a monarchy.â The first basic mistake Caesar made in quite a while ascend to control was the point at which he was in Gaul. Caesar was blamed for injustice by certain individuals from the senate since he had the two tribunes on his side. Since they were his ally the tribunes both forced their vetoes on the injustice guarantee. Most of the senate chose to overlook the vetoes and they requested Caesar, who was currently accused of conspiracy to return back to Rome, without his military. Caesar returned to Rome yet he did as such with his military. When he crossed the Rubicon River, he had in certainty lawfully, dedicated conspiracy. He was submitting imperium, as he was practicing imperium when taboo by the law. Hanging tight for Caesar was Pompey with his military, and the clash of Pharsalus occurred in 48 BC. Caesar won the fight and Pompey had to escape to Egypt. Because of Caesars political advancement procedures, he had the option to make political unions that helped him ascend in power, and th at left him as the pioneer of the Roman world. When Caesar came back to Rome he administered alone where he started a foundation of change for Rome. He chose to make himself tyrant forever and he selected his very own congresspersons. Numerous residents were trusting that, after the Civil War had finished, Caesar would reestablish the constitution and make the laws and the courts work again.(CITE 5) As he vanquished an ever increasing number of adversaries, he turned out to be progressively well known with the individuals of Rome. His military triumphs are what gave him extreme political ubiquity and assisted his case as evident pioneer of Rome. His military noticeable quality is the thing that helped Rome thrive into seemingly the best antiquated developments ever. His remarkable military battles are what helped Rome thrive in both size and force. He expanded the size of the Senate from around 600 individuals to 900, acquiring new men into the positions of office holders. (Refer to 5). He gave the poor new openings and they beca me dependable supporters, moreover expanding his prevalence with the individuals. He likewise helped the poor residents by consistently checking the spread of cash all through Rome to ensure that nobody was living too ineffectively (CITE 5). Moreover, he compensated a huge number of Veterans with parcels and money rewards. (Refer to 5). This was another keen technique that Caesar executed which made his warriors battle better, since they had a reason to battle for, which was their territory, family, and pioneer. With this demonstration Caesar made Rome a progressively well off, open, and safe spot to live. With Caesars brisk expanding prominence the Senate attempted to forestall Caesar acquiring the situation of the department, which was a significant position since it was the position that was accountable for Romes protection powers. The Senate felt that Caesar needed to assume the situation of ruler of Rome. The perfect distinctions that he acknowledged, the sanctuary, the cleric, the name divus Julius, and the celebrations that denoted the standard of the Greek rulers, all point toward that path. It was thought by numerous individuals in the Senate that Julius Caesar was getting excessively ground-breaking, and that he had dreams of majesty and extreme power.(CITE 5) To the Senate this was a significant danger towards the soundness of the Roman Empire and this would have definitely decreased the intensity of the Senators. They expected that Caesar would transform the Roman Republic into an oppressive government (CITE 6). Caesar said that the republic was nevertheless a name without substance or form.(CITE 5) He called numerous congregations to have them vote on laws that were developed by him and to and to choose the applicants he had actually picked. His lack of regard of the constitution of Rome was on full showcase by an occasion in the year 45 BC, which was more than two months before his demise. Word came to Caesar that a diplomat in his office had out of nowhere kicked the bucket. Caesar immediately called a gathering and had it choose a renewed person for assume control over the position. This drove the Senate incredibly crazy with Caesar and accordingly, the possibility of in the long run disposing of Caesar by murder, was beginning to advance. The thought process in the Senates murdering of Caesar was at last out of close to home disdain. They had individual ill will towards Caesar for his activities towards them. The companions of Caesar were chafed to see him elevate previous foes to places of correspondence with themselves. A significant number of these previous foes, rather than feeling appreciation toward Caesar for their lives and for the advantages they had gotten, kept on feeling hatred since they had lost such a great amount to Caesar. (Refer to 6). Many accused Caesar actually for the misfortunes that they or their families endured. No Roman in history had ever applied such a great amount of command over the lives of his kindred blue-bloods more than Caesar. As per (CITE 6) the rationale in the homicide of Caesar was built up when he sat in his brilliant seat before the new sanctuary of Venus, the mother of his home, Caesar neglected to ascend to thank the dads. This added to individual scorn on Caesar by the Sen ate. There were in excess of 60 congresspersons related with the plot. A considerable lot of them were Caesars previous dear companions. They had their own purposes behind participate on the association, yet lion's share were at an individual level. Many felt Caesar actually offended them or their families. Accordingly, Brutus and Cassius turned into the pioneers in a plot to kill the Caesar, alongside 60 other men, for the most part exonerated by Caesar who were resolved to do the deed of killing him. (Refer to 5). There were two key men who had an extraordinary individual contempt for Caesar and were the pioneers in making the ideal plot to kill him. Their names were Gaius Cassius, and Decimus Brutus, who was an uncommon companion of Caesar. The two of them needed individual vengeance on Caesar with al

Determine the Tax Implications Tom Ltd

Question: Talk about the Determine the Tax Implications Tom Ltd. Answer: Significant Facts Tom Ltd is an Australian organization which is engaged with the matter of selling garments. Following exchanges have occurred. Stock worth $180,000 has been bought for the year $ 10,000 has been paid as reward to the CEO of the organization A client who had bought the merchandise on layaway has defaulted with an extraordinary equalization of $ 10,000. Lawful charges as much as $ 30,000 has been brought about for insurance of business interests The organization has gotten completely franked profits to the degree of $ 35,000 while the organization has delivered completely franked profits to the investors to the degree of $ 280,000. Issue To decide the assessment ramifications of the different exchanges experienced by Tom Ltd as featured previously. Important Law An organization which is consolidated in Australia is viewed as a duty inhabitant of Australia. For a material organization, the complete change in stock will in general feature the utilization of exchanging stock which would be deductible as featured in Section 8(1), ITAA 1997[1]. Compensation and related costs for representatives are likewise required to get pay from maintaining the business and consequently would be deductible as featured in Section 8(1), ITAA 1997 and TR 98/6[2]. According to s. 63(1) , ITAA 1936 and charge administering IT 92/18, terrible obligation cost is obligation deductible just if already it has been incorporated as assessable income[3]. As per ATO ID 2003/145 and s. 8-1, ITAA 1997, legitimate costs identified with rights and harms are not charge deductible and rather as per s. 108-5, add to the capital base of the business[4]. With respect to completely franked profits, the franking credit would be added to the available pay however the conclusion to a similar sum can be produced using the expense payable according to ATO 2012/5[5]. Application Conclusion The exchanging stock that would be utilized would be the expense of crude material utilized and deductible from the pay for charge purposes. Exchanging stock utilized = Beginning stock + Purchases Ending stock = 120000 + 180000 - 160000 = $ 140,000 The reward paid to the CEO as much as $10,000 is deductible under s. 8-1. The awful obligation would have been at first perceived as salary by virtue of gathering framework and in this manner added to assessable pay before. Thus, this would be charge deductible. The lawful costs would not be charge deductible yet would upgrade the cost base of the benefit in accordance with s.108-5. Profit pay got = $ 35,000 Franking credit = (30/70)*35,000 = $ 9.000 Thus, all out available pay by virtue of profit = 35000 + 9000 = $ 44,000 Profit paid = $ 280,000 Franking charge = (30/70)*280000 = $ 120,000 Along these lines, net equalization of the franking account = 9000 120000 = - $ 111,000 Effectively, an expense in such manner of 15,000 has been made and consequently $ 96,000 more would be should be paid to the ATO. References Straight to the point, Gilders, et. al., Understanding tax collection law 2015. (LexisNexis, Butterworths 2015) Kerrie, Sadiq, et. al., Principles of Taxation Law 2015, (Pymont,Thomson Reuters, 2015) Robert, Deutsch, et. al., Australian expense handbook. (Pymont, Thomson Reuters, 2015) Stephen, Barkoczy,Foundation of Taxation Law 2015, (North Ryde, CCH, 2015) Gilders, Frank, et. al., Understanding tax collection law 2015. (LexisNexis, Butterworths 2015), 77 On the same page. 78 Sadiq, Kerrie, et. al., Principles of Taxation Law 2015, (Pymont,Thomson Reuters, 2015), 103 Barkoczy,Stephen, Foundation of Taxation Law 2015, (North Ryde, CCH, 2015), 69-70 Deutsch, Robert, et. al., Australian expense handbook. (Pymont, Thomson Reuters, 2015), 135

udemy

udemy INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in  San Francisco  with Udemy. Eren, who are you and what do you do?Eren: Hi, my name is Eren Bali and Im the co-founder, chairman and former CEO of Udemy. We are a market place for online courses. We have thousands of instructors around the world who are really passionate about their subjects and they are so skilled so they come to Udemy to create courses and share it with the rest of the world.Martin: Great!Martin: And, what did you do before you started Udemy?Eren: I think while I was in college, I already knew I wanted to be an entrepreneur. So there wasnt a lot of other things. I was in college, I went to school in  Turkey, I grew up in  Turkey. I went to college there to study computer science and mathematics. And in the last year of the college, we started our first company with my co-founder, whos still with me on Udemy.Initially, we were doing some other projects. We had created a 3D simulation for constructions. It was how we started. Bu t I always wanted to work in education, so we built a company that were close, similar to Udemy in terms of supervision in Turkey, almost 8 years ago. So we launched it, but we realized that wasnt the right time and the right place.It wasnt the right time because all this different section wasnt ready, bandwidth was expensive and audio conversation wasnt really working well. And  Turkey  wasnt the right place. We needed tons of influences to make the idea work. And the product wasnt right either, because we relied on  niche  market place. And in market place, liquidity is the biggest problem, meaning if a user comes to the site, there should be enough courses interesting for them so they will stick. And if you make it live, its even harder to make the liquidity first. So, there were a lot of mistakes and we had to shut it down in Turkey, but me and my co-founder still believe that was kind of a neat idea and it should have existed. So, we moved over to  Silicon Valley, it took me 4 years in the process. And I worked as an engineer, like one of the first employees at a startup called SpeedDate. We did a pretty good job there. Actually the funny thing is, we built SpeedDate from the early code of Udemy. We had a video conferencing tool that we built for our live classrooms, we coordinated a video dating application for SpeedDate. It was a fun experience but we eventually knew that we wanted to try this idea again. And this time, it worked out.Martin: OK. Great!BUSINESS MODEL OF UDEMYMartin: Can you tell us how the current business model of Udemy works?Eren: Sure. So we have around 15,000 instructors, we have published courses on Udemy. They choose their course subject and build a course. Typical courses are like video base and some are interactivities, like quizzes and discussion boards and things like that.But the big difference between the site like Youtube is, its not just small  short-form content. The course I designed, to take you from knowing nothing abou t the subject to a decent level, right. So, and when they start publishing course, they can either publish it for free, I think its free for them. If they want to charge for their course, we take a cut from that. So in that sense, its pretty close to Apples app store model.Martin: So basically its just a revenue share model?Eren: Yes, revenue share model.Martin: Okay, the instructors can free to choose what he wants or is there any fixed fee involved?Eren: Theres no fixed fee. If its a free course, we think its good for the world, so we kind of do our part in it. If its paid, then we start making money.Martin: Can you tell us a little bit more about the demographics and statistics in terms of users?Eren: Yes. We have over 4 million users right now. I think 50% of them are in the  United States, 50% outside the  US. Weve seen a lot of growth in  Germany,  Spain, some of the European countries and even Asian countries, but probably  Germany  is like the second largest non-English mark et, at this point. So, usually our top verticals are development, design and business.Martin: What do you mean by development?Eren: Development means learning how to become a web developer, IPhone applications, mobile applications like game programming, those are usually the most popular subjects. And then there are other technological subjects like softwares, Excel, Office. Business categories are entrepreneurship, marketing, finance. And design categories are always pretty strong. But beside these, there are others like hobbies, like photography and yoga. Those are also big, but usually as I said technology, business and design are the leading categories.In terms of demographics like, right now, there are more male users than female, which is the complete consequence of the development category. So unfortunately, there are still a lot more men, who are  interested in development than women. We also want to contribute in changing it. But thats  the current state.There are categori es that are uniform, non-technical categories are uniformed between men and women. And in terms of  Asia, we see age ranging from 18 to 50 55. There are more of younger users but thats more because they are more younger as in internet. But proportionately its kind of interesting,  some of the  older user are more heavily represented in Udemy community than the rest of the Internet.Martin: Interesting. When you started this type of market place, what has been the major obstacle for creating a lot of inventories, so people who come to your website see your value proposition?Eren: Thats why were straight forward. In any market place, like Udemy, there are 2 types of users. There is an asymmetric market place. The most important problem and probably the only problem that you should really worry about, is the chicken and egg problem. If there are enough courses, why would the students come, and if theres not enough students why would instructors create courses. So this is a huge proble m in the beginning, and I said that kind of converge into competitive advantage as you become larger. Because once theres Udemy, its really hard for the competitor to do this, because all types of instructors would want to create their courses on Udemy. So, as I said theres an obstacle in the beginning that becomes a big advantage as you grow.Martin: How did you take tackle in the first place?Eren: We did a lot of tricks. The number one thing is you have to worry about is liquidity, meaning when you are an instructor can you get him enough users and if there are users can you give them enough courses. So, we tested a lot of things. We tried to do some BD, Business Development, it didnt work out. We try to launch it kind of vertical, that didnt worked out as well either.I think what worked for us was going and doing a lot of unscalable things to make the first video instructor successful.Martin: What does it mean?Eren: Actually, I kind of give you the birth story. So, I was in a brea kfast meeting in one of our investors house. And AirBnB was just getting traction at that point. They were big but they were just getting off the ground.And I was asking these questions to everybody. I would say how did you get the first 100,000 users? How did you solve the initial traction problem? And he kind of.., Brian gave me such a suggestion: do things that dont scale. So meaning, there are things like SEO and advertising are scalable things in getting users. Those tend not to work in the early days of a startup because most of the scalable methodologies were better on scale.As you get more inbound pages and you get inbound links, your SEO goes up and advertising is better. But they dont really work in the beginning. And there are things which are unscalable, which you can not do as a large company but for small service can do those. And those unscalable ways of doing are actually what makes you successful.So what AirBnB was doing was they were going to houses of each host an d taking professional photos of room. They were making the place look really good. And this is completely unscalable, but it was creating a magical experience. So we kind of mimic the same idea. Like I said earlier, when he said those 3 words that immediately clicked for me. We went back and said, you know what lets help the creation of the first few courses.We want to create 3 entrepreneurial courses because we knew people who could teach those. Even that didn’t work out, because it was too much work. Initially without their proof point. So instead, me and my co-founder, Gagan, organized entrepreneurial events. The first one was called Raising Money for Statups.And instead of asking people to create a full course, we brought the subject in 6 pieces, like the first one was getting leads, then doing a pitch tag and then like the last one was closing the round. So you kind of add what  the  Laissez faire  raising  money course would be.And when we invited people, we said Okay, you a re going to talk about this particular subject. So when the event finished, we were able to video-taped everything, edited it and converted it into a course. Actually we start charging for it. It was 30 dollars. Even with the first course, we got a lot of sales from it because it was a pretty good course. It was the first time where people uses or get practical advice about raising money. Not like high level follow your passion bullshit. It was like, this is exactly the email you sent, this is the type interview you get, this is when you email them back. This was very tactical. So the tactical aspect really worked out.It was 2 more of those events, we get the first 3 paid courses. Before, I was kind of passive about that, we were also crawling all the open courses from universities and we were publishing it on Udemy with their permission, that helped us get some traction but they were all free courses. It was still not proofing financial model here. So the first 3 courses we made we re proofing the fact that there was this one person in the world who could buy them. And they were actually like almost 1,000 people who bought that courses.Martin: Did you just wanted to check whether there was some kind of willingness to pay for such a course?Eren: Yes.Martin: Okay, and this was the major force why you decided not to put it for free but want to charge?Eren: Yes, I remember there was an email discussion with our investors, and got their opinions. There was a big debate whether course should be free or paid. My visual was that, although a lot of entrepreneurial talks like this are free, theyre usually motivational, theyre not tactical.When I go to a conference and give free talk, I dont talk about, like this is like how we do. Its just motivational, the most strategic maybe. But the tactical piece was missing and if we charge 30 dollars for it, and if it makes 0.1% easier to raise money, its definitely worth it. And we tell them that we would like to see whether peo ple would pay for it. I said people would pay and they were super happy with it. Nobody thought that 30 dollars was too much for it. So, we launched 3 of those courses in entrepreneurial subjects and then we found  some newsletters which has relevant traffic to Udemy. So we started promoting those courses from these newsletters. And people who signed up to this newsletters really like the courses. And then, what we did next was, we went to some other instructors who werent affiliated with us and we said, would you create a course. We have all this distribution of newsletters signed up to promote your course. They said yes, why not try it. They promoted their courses in the newsletters and we went to more newsletters and said, you know what, we do this course, would you mind to promote and get their share? They said yes and we kind of, similarly we jumped back and forth between the supply and demand. As I said, the key things like liquidity and making your early customers happy, righ t. We made them really happy by actually do a lot of distribution work for the instructors and a lot of content work for potential distribution channels. So we were like being their technological platform between the distribution channels and the supply side, the content creators. At one point, we had enough users accumulate on Udemy that we didnt rely on external distributions anymore. So many people create their courses, we had enough users on Udemy so that their course would be successful.Martin: At what point did you recognize that youve reached that critical mass?Eren: The critical mass is not just one single number. So, similarly as a market place, you go up in phases. The first phase is  you do whatever possible to get the first few customers and first people on the supply side happier, right.And then, over time, like at that point, you kind of switch into kind of more a scaled approach to getting instructors and the scale that meaning that, it was not like me and my co-found er meeting with each instructor in their house to convince them. Instead, we had people, like business people who are reaching out to instructors to kind of convince them to teach courses. So it was kind of like sales model of reaching out to actively instructors.And in the user side, we start things slightly more scalable and slightly more scalable thing. Like maybe some SEO  worked out and we had more partners, we had like an affiliate network and we had a growing organic traffic that was the largest traffic driver.And then over time, that changed also, because right now theres so many people come to Udemy to teach a course. I think every month, 10,000 people start creating courses. Not all of them do it, but a lot of people are willing. So we dont have to do outreach anymore.We have a large content team whose job is just helping the instructors that already coming. We don’t reach out to people anymore, except for strategic courses. As I said, now is a different phase and overti me, even that phase has changed. Now, honestly the only thing that the content team can do is barely: they do work and create new verticals, and they do more highly work in managing verticals and working at the course thats scalable and article variable like data science  team analysis, like  which course are doing better job and which courses are doing worse job.So, that has come to a new phase, were data driven and big data and even more scientific. As I said, its phases, its just as you grow, you start changing how you do stuff.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Lets talk briefly about the corporate strategy of Udemy. I totally understand that once we have this scalable mass that you create a competitive advantage. If you put it into a single company perspective, how do you perceive having other competitors like Coursera, etc.? Whats your competitive advantage over them and what makes you be able to build up on that?Eren: Thats a good question. I mean there are a lot of competitors. Ther e are primary competitors which mean there are other market places for teaching. Right now we are the largest, we are leading that one, so were not too worried there. But then, there are publishing companies, companies which produce content and sell it.So in users side, they might be considered as competitors. And then there are companies like Coursera, which we are not really competing with in the market. I think its just our psychological competitors. We are more like friends with them, so we kind meet each other and help each other if possible. Those are really different. Coursera for example, they are focused on higher education. There are companies which are really focused completely on K-12 kind of academics. K12 international academy is focused on  K-12. And Udemys focus has always been skill based adult training. So its not K-12 or higher education, its like after that. We believe that learning has to be lifelong. And our courses are usually more tactical,  you learn how to build an IPhone application, you dont learn the computer science fundamentals as much. Although we have courses  around it, but thats not our strong suit. Our strong suit is,  Im going to learn something very practical and Im going do something with it.So that has been large enough differentiator,  just some notes that we start a lot early than those other companies. I think we could say, we kind of, we start this online course market. So there were companies before us doing some sort of learning but constructive online course that anybody can take, like we were the company that initiated that move, and hopefully we have some help in the popularizing concept like MOOCs. Coursera just came  around 2 years after us. And when they launched, we already have our model which was working. I think they look at our model and kind of, look higher education could do the same thing.Martin: You beautifully described the different phases of a company. What would be the next phase of Udemy?Eren: I think the next phase is right now, we solved the problem of creating an ecosystem about casual learning. We have done that. As instructors are making enough money to live their lives, we signed about 6,000 checks every months, like 6,000 people are making money from us every month. And some of them are making millions of dollars. And for some of them its like passive income.But I think the most important that weve created is the job. Teaching online is formidable job right now. So the next phase is taking on demand learning from where it is right now to its next level. So Udemy is and should  always be the frontier of learning online, especially on demands.Because you can also do 1-on-1 live classes, thats a different world. Skills on demand learning is our focus and we are awaiting a new phase to do this and we are building a lot of science about what makes a course better. So we obsessively analyze action that users are doing during the courses and now we can actually we have t housand of courses, so we have that unique position where we can crawl what aspect of the course make it stick better.Martin: I would call it educational analytics.Eren: Yes, more like educational analytics,  but people call it big data education. But  then you see, that a lot of assumption people make about education is incorrect. Even like assumption made by professors who have been doing this for a long time or educational scientists, they have  a lot of small studies, observations, now we have real data. And we see a lot of them are incorrect, and you see it in a lot of large scale across verticals. Its not like one vertical, we can see like this learning theory can I apply it in this vertical but not that vertical. We are in the position, I want Udemy to become a company which is pushing the boundaries in on demand learning. This is the main thing and other stuff is opening up internationally, so we opened our first  Europe  office.Martin: Where?Eren: In  Dublin, I really want  Berlin. I went to  Berlin  a year ago, its a great city. I really love that. Hopefully, we have an office there too at some point, but the first is in  Dublin  for more practical reasons. Europe market is very important and so we start opening up to South America, Europe,  East Asia.And the other thing is actually making the model work in some other niche verticals. We are pretty strong in the top 3 4 verticals but I would expect musicalcourse would be very successful in Udemy. So we already have somebody, its not like as strong as we wanted. Like maybe hobby courses and some other sophistication base courses. Theres always new vertical that we wanted to have, build liquidity at.Martin: Sure.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: In terms of market development, how do you perceived the offline education versus the online education, and even maybe a specific sub segments in between?Eren: If you look at the education market or the world virtually first divided by age group. Theres K-12 was a se parate base, right. Second its about learning release, like education means something different for them. And theres higher education, college, maybe grad degrees, and theres lifelong learning.And lifelong learning can happen at home, youre learning for yourself, it could be at work, or it could be in some kind of institution. If you look at them, for each of the verticals theres an offline element to it, and theres an online element to it. So in K-12 for example, still dominantly offline. Theres some online movement but its very small in proportion.Lifelong learning actually is the  part where online gets a much larger chunk. Thats why we actually focus on that. And higher education is kind of small slowly transitioning, its a slow transition, its not going to happen overnight. For us, with  lifelong learning, like offline, theres some offline component, you could go to a certification program in a place, or you could  take a high end boot camp. Those tend to be really expensive and limited to a very small local.We are happy to admit that might be a better experience, so I dont claim that learning online is better than in person, because if you can find a top Stanford professor, or like an amazing person to sit next to you and give you a course directly to you, it might be better if you can access that. But its going to be 100 times more expensive than an online course. And youll be kind of limited by the time and location, so to me that education is for elite group of people in the world.And for everybody else, thats not a solution, thats why we started Udemy. So, I think on demand  and offline are sometimes used in conjunction together to a hybrid learning. But for majority of people in the world, I think online education is the only viable way to get them up to speed with the skill that they need for jobs or even hobbies. I think online is the only viable way to do that.Martin: In terms of certification of a specific skill, do you think that having this kind of certification later on in the future or do you really think its just about showing people who you have the skills?Eren: This is the point where I and the rest of the market is in disagreement. A lot of companies are trying to get certification up, maybe try to raise the money, all the inventors were saying, why dont you use certification, I would only invest if theres a degree or diploma behind this.I kept saying no, does not make sense. Because people look at universities and theyre just trying to move that model while you go to the university, theres some learning there, theres a certification that you have diploma. It does work in a small constraint environment, but when you go to internet, things changed. You cant move things from physical world and just digitized it.So, in world of  internet, you can access a lot more people. Accessing a lot more people also make it harder to make a reputable certification. Because Stanford or Harvard has a pretty strong brand in thei r certification, if Harvard has 5 million students, they wouldnt be nearly as good brand. So the value of the brand of your certification and the number of people who are able to get it, they are inversely correlated. So thats why, I think if you want to help hundreds of millions of people, you cant at the same time try to create that high, strong brand in your certification.So I thought, in the world of open digital education, these 2 things should be separated. There should be companies like Udemy, whose job is only to help you learn your subject because you want to learn it for something. I dont care for what, but you want to learn a subject. I think our company or other organization which feel whose job is going to be certifying that you are good at a particular skill, assessing your skill. I think trying to merge them together, will  really break the experience, it makes both parts function worst.So from that, I believe we should separate, so we never get into that. We do like course completion certificate, like light weight badge, but were not trying to make it completely a diploma. So we never thought this is critical.What we do    more often is a real life certification, which is  accepted in the market like Cisco network administration certificate, or Adobe design certificate, or Microsoft Office certificate. So we try to get, we have a lot of courses that we are preparing for those existing certifications. So people can go and take a course in Udemy to prepare themselves and they go to Cisco to get the network certificate. And Cisco network certificate will always be more valuable than a certificate that we made up.ADVICE TO ENTREPRENEURS FROM EREN BALI In San Francisco, we meet co-founder and Chairman of udemy, Eren Bali. He shares his story how he co-founded this startup and how the current business model works (supply and demand side), as well as what the current plans for near future, and some advice for young entrepreneurs.The transcript of the interview is included below.INTRODUCTIONMartin: Hi, today we are in  San Francisco  with Udemy. Eren, who are you and what do you do?Eren: Hi, my name is Eren Bali and Im the co-founder, chairman and former CEO of Udemy. We are a market place for online courses. We have thousands of instructors around the world who are really passionate about their subjects and they are so skilled so they come to Udemy to create courses and share it with the rest of the world.Martin: Great!Martin: And, what did you do before you started Udemy?Eren: I think while I was in college, I already knew I wanted to be an entrepreneur. So there wasnt a lot of other things. I was in college, I went to school in  Tu rkey, I grew up in  Turkey. I went to college there to study computer science and mathematics. And in the last year of the college, we started our first company with my co-founder, whos still with me on Udemy.Initially, we were doing some other projects. We had created a 3D simulation for constructions. It was how we started. But I always wanted to work in education, so we built a company that were close, similar to Udemy in terms of supervision in Turkey, almost 8 years ago. So we launched it, but we realized that wasnt the right time and the right place.It wasnt the right time because all this different section wasnt ready, bandwidth was expensive and audio conversation wasnt really working well. And  Turkey  wasnt the right place. We needed tons of influences to make the idea work. And the product wasnt right either, because we relied on  niche  market place. And in market place, liquidity is the biggest problem, meaning if a user comes to the site, there should be enough courses interesting for them so they will stick. And if you make it live, its even harder to make the liquidity first. So, there were a lot of mistakes and we had to shut it down in Turkey, but me and my co-founder still believe that was kind of a neat idea and it should have existed. So, we moved over to  Silicon Valley, it took me 4 years in the process. And I worked as an engineer, like one of the first employees at a startup called SpeedDate. We did a pretty good job there. Actually the funny thing is, we built SpeedDate from the early code of Udemy. We had a video conferencing tool that we built for our live classrooms, we coordinated a video dating application for SpeedDate. It was a fun experience but we eventually knew that we wanted to try this idea again. And this time, it worked out.Martin: OK. Great!BUSINESS MODEL OF UDEMYMartin: Can you tell us how the current business model of Udemy works?Eren: Sure. So we have around 15,000 instructors, we have published courses on Udemy. Th ey choose their course subject and build a course. Typical courses are like video base and some are interactivities, like quizzes and discussion boards and things like that.But the big difference between the site like Youtube is, its not just small  short-form content. The course I designed, to take you from knowing nothing about the subject to a decent level, right. So, and when they start publishing course, they can either publish it for free, I think its free for them. If they want to charge for their course, we take a cut from that. So in that sense, its pretty close to Apples app store model.Martin: So basically its just a revenue share model?Eren: Yes, revenue share model.Martin: Okay, the instructors can free to choose what he wants or is there any fixed fee involved?Eren: Theres no fixed fee. If its a free course, we think its good for the world, so we kind of do our part in it. If its paid, then we start making money.Martin: Can you tell us a little bit more about the demog raphics and statistics in terms of users?Eren: Yes. We have over 4 million users right now. I think 50% of them are in the  United States, 50% outside the  US. Weve seen a lot of growth in  Germany,  Spain, some of the European countries and even Asian countries, but probably  Germany  is like the second largest non-English market, at this point. So, usually our top verticals are development, design and business.Martin: What do you mean by development?Eren: Development means learning how to become a web developer, IPhone applications, mobile applications like game programming, those are usually the most popular subjects. And then there are other technological subjects like softwares, Excel, Office. Business categories are entrepreneurship, marketing, finance. And design categories are always pretty strong. But beside these, there are others like hobbies, like photography and yoga. Those are also big, but usually as I said technology, business and design are the leading categories.In terms of demographics like, right now, there are more male users than female, which is the complete consequence of the development category. So unfortunately, there are still a lot more men, who are  interested in development than women. We also want to contribute in changing it. But thats  the current state.There are categories that are uniform, non-technical categories are uniformed between men and women. And in terms of  Asia, we see age ranging from 18 to 50 55. There are more of younger users but thats more because they are more younger as in internet. But proportionately its kind of interesting,  some of the  older user are more heavily represented in Udemy community than the rest of the Internet.Martin: Interesting. When you started this type of market place, what has been the major obstacle for creating a lot of inventories, so people who come to your website see your value proposition?Eren: Thats why were straight forward. In any market place, like Udemy, there are 2 ty pes of users. There is an asymmetric market place. The most important problem and probably the only problem that you should really worry about, is the chicken and egg problem. If there are enough courses, why would the students come, and if theres not enough students why would instructors create courses. So this is a huge problem in the beginning, and I said that kind of converge into competitive advantage as you become larger. Because once theres Udemy, its really hard for the competitor to do this, because all types of instructors would want to create their courses on Udemy. So, as I said theres an obstacle in the beginning that becomes a big advantage as you grow.Martin: How did you take tackle in the first place?Eren: We did a lot of tricks. The number one thing is you have to worry about is liquidity, meaning when you are an instructor can you get him enough users and if there are users can you give them enough courses. So, we tested a lot of things. We tried to do some BD, Bus iness Development, it didnt work out. We try to launch it kind of vertical, that didnt worked out as well either.I think what worked for us was going and doing a lot of unscalable things to make the first video instructor successful.Martin: What does it mean?Eren: Actually, I kind of give you the birth story. So, I was in a breakfast meeting in one of our investors house. And AirBnB was just getting traction at that point. They were big but they were just getting off the ground.And I was asking these questions to everybody. I would say how did you get the first 100,000 users? How did you solve the initial traction problem? And he kind of.., Brian gave me such a suggestion: do things that dont scale. So meaning, there are things like SEO and advertising are scalable things in getting users. Those tend not to work in the early days of a startup because most of the scalable methodologies were better on scale.As you get more inbound pages and you get inbound links, your SEO goes up and advertising is better. But they dont really work in the beginning. And there are things which are unscalable, which you can not do as a large company but for small service can do those. And those unscalable ways of doing are actually what makes you successful.So what AirBnB was doing was they were going to houses of each host and taking professional photos of room. They were making the place look really good. And this is completely unscalable, but it was creating a magical experience. So we kind of mimic the same idea. Like I said earlier, when he said those 3 words that immediately clicked for me. We went back and said, you know what lets help the creation of the first few courses.We want to create 3 entrepreneurial courses because we knew people who could teach those. Even that didn’t work out, because it was too much work. Initially without their proof point. So instead, me and my co-founder, Gagan, organized entrepreneurial events. The first one was called Raising Money for St atups.And instead of asking people to create a full course, we brought the subject in 6 pieces, like the first one was getting leads, then doing a pitch tag and then like the last one was closing the round. So you kind of add what  the  Laissez faire  raising  money course would be.And when we invited people, we said Okay, you are going to talk about this particular subject. So when the event finished, we were able to video-taped everything, edited it and converted it into a course. Actually we start charging for it. It was 30 dollars. Even with the first course, we got a lot of sales from it because it was a pretty good course. It was the first time where people uses or get practical advice about raising money. Not like high level follow your passion bullshit. It was like, this is exactly the email you sent, this is the type interview you get, this is when you email them back. This was very tactical. So the tactical aspect really worked out.It was 2 more of those events, we get the first 3 paid courses. Before, I was kind of passive about that, we were also crawling all the open courses from universities and we were publishing it on Udemy with their permission, that helped us get some traction but they were all free courses. It was still not proofing financial model here. So the first 3 courses we made were proofing the fact that there was this one person in the world who could buy them. And they were actually like almost 1,000 people who bought that courses.Martin: Did you just wanted to check whether there was some kind of willingness to pay for such a course?Eren: Yes.Martin: Okay, and this was the major force why you decided not to put it for free but want to charge?Eren: Yes, I remember there was an email discussion with our investors, and got their opinions. There was a big debate whether course should be free or paid. My visual was that, although a lot of entrepreneurial talks like this are free, theyre usually motivational, theyre not tactical.When I go to a conference and give free talk, I dont talk about, like this is like how we do. Its just motivational, the most strategic maybe. But the tactical piece was missing and if we charge 30 dollars for it, and if it makes 0.1% easier to raise money, its definitely worth it. And we tell them that we would like to see whether people would pay for it. I said people would pay and they were super happy with it. Nobody thought that 30 dollars was too much for it. So, we launched 3 of those courses in entrepreneurial subjects and then we found  some newsletters which has relevant traffic to Udemy. So we started promoting those courses from these newsletters. And people who signed up to this newsletters really like the courses. And then, what we did next was, we went to some other instructors who werent affiliated with us and we said, would you create a course. We have all this distribution of newsletters signed up to promote your course. They said yes, why not try it. They promoted their courses in the newsletters and we went to more newsletters and said, you know what, we do this course, would you mind to promote and get their share? They said yes and we kind of, similarly we jumped back and forth between the supply and demand. As I said, the key things like liquidity and making your early customers happy, right. We made them really happy by actually do a lot of distribution work for the instructors and a lot of content work for potential distribution channels. So we were like being their technological platform between the distribution channels and the supply side, the content creators. At one point, we had enough users accumulate on Udemy that we didnt rely on external distributions anymore. So many people create their courses, we had enough users on Udemy so that their course would be successful.Martin: At what point did you recognize that youve reached that critical mass?Eren: The critical mass is not just one single number. So, similarly as a market place, you go up in phases. The first phase is  you do whatever possible to get the first few customers and first people on the supply side happier, right.And then, over time, like at that point, you kind of switch into kind of more a scaled approach to getting instructors and the scale that meaning that, it was not like me and my co-founder meeting with each instructor in their house to convince them. Instead, we had people, like business people who are reaching out to instructors to kind of convince them to teach courses. So it was kind of like sales model of reaching out to actively instructors.And in the user side, we start things slightly more scalable and slightly more scalable thing. Like maybe some SEO  worked out and we had more partners, we had like an affiliate network and we had a growing organic traffic that was the largest traffic driver.And then over time, that changed also, because right now theres so many people come to Udemy to teach a course. I think every month, 10,000 peop le start creating courses. Not all of them do it, but a lot of people are willing. So we dont have to do outreach anymore.We have a large content team whose job is just helping the instructors that already coming. We don’t reach out to people anymore, except for strategic courses. As I said, now is a different phase and overtime, even that phase has changed. Now, honestly the only thing that the content team can do is barely: they do work and create new verticals, and they do more highly work in managing verticals and working at the course thats scalable and article variable like data science  team analysis, like  which course are doing better job and which courses are doing worse job.So, that has come to a new phase, were data driven and big data and even more scientific. As I said, its phases, its just as you grow, you start changing how you do stuff.CORPORATE STRATEGYMartin: Lets talk briefly about the corporate strategy of Udemy. I totally understand that once we have this sc alable mass that you create a competitive advantage. If you put it into a single company perspective, how do you perceive having other competitors like Coursera, etc.? Whats your competitive advantage over them and what makes you be able to build up on that?Eren: Thats a good question. I mean there are a lot of competitors. There are primary competitors which mean there are other market places for teaching. Right now we are the largest, we are leading that one, so were not too worried there. But then, there are publishing companies, companies which produce content and sell it.So in users side, they might be considered as competitors. And then there are companies like Coursera, which we are not really competing with in the market. I think its just our psychological competitors. We are more like friends with them, so we kind meet each other and help each other if possible. Those are really different. Coursera for example, they are focused on higher education. There are companies which are really focused completely on K-12 kind of academics. K12 international academy is focused on  K-12. And Udemys focus has always been skill based adult training. So its not K-12 or higher education, its like after that. We believe that learning has to be lifelong. And our courses are usually more tactical,  you learn how to build an IPhone application, you dont learn the computer science fundamentals as much. Although we have courses  around it, but thats not our strong suit. Our strong suit is,  Im going to learn something very practical and Im going do something with it.So that has been large enough differentiator,  just some notes that we start a lot early than those other companies. I think we could say, we kind of, we start this online course market. So there were companies before us doing some sort of learning but constructive online course that anybody can take, like we were the company that initiated that move, and hopefully we have some help in the popularizing concept like MOOCs. Coursera just came  around 2 years after us. And when they launched, we already have our model which was working. I think they look at our model and kind of, look higher education could do the same thing.Martin: You beautifully described the different phases of a company. What would be the next phase of Udemy?Eren: I think the next phase is right now, we solved the problem of creating an ecosystem about casual learning. We have done that. As instructors are making enough money to live their lives, we signed about 6,000 checks every months, like 6,000 people are making money from us every month. And some of them are making millions of dollars. And for some of them its like passive income.But I think the most important that weve created is the job. Teaching online is formidable job right now. So the next phase is taking on demand learning from where it is right now to its next level. So Udemy is and should  always be the frontier of learning online, especially on demands .Because you can also do 1-on-1 live classes, thats a different world. Skills on demand learning is our focus and we are awaiting a new phase to do this and we are building a lot of science about what makes a course better. So we obsessively analyze action that users are doing during the courses and now we can actually we have thousand of courses, so we have that unique position where we can crawl what aspect of the course make it stick better.Martin: I would call it educational analytics.Eren: Yes, more like educational analytics,  but people call it big data education. But  then you see, that a lot of assumption people make about education is incorrect. Even like assumption made by professors who have been doing this for a long time or educational scientists, they have  a lot of small studies, observations, now we have real data. And we see a lot of them are incorrect, and you see it in a lot of large scale across verticals. Its not like one vertical, we can see like this learnin g theory can I apply it in this vertical but not that vertical. We are in the position, I want Udemy to become a company which is pushing the boundaries in on demand learning. This is the main thing and other stuff is opening up internationally, so we opened our first  Europe  office.Martin: Where?Eren: In  Dublin, I really want  Berlin. I went to  Berlin  a year ago, its a great city. I really love that. Hopefully, we have an office there too at some point, but the first is in  Dublin  for more practical reasons. Europe market is very important and so we start opening up to South America, Europe,  East Asia.And the other thing is actually making the model work in some other niche verticals. We are pretty strong in the top 3 4 verticals but I would expect musicalcourse would be very successful in Udemy. So we already have somebody, its not like as strong as we wanted. Like maybe hobby courses and some other sophistication base courses. Theres always new vertical that we wanted to h ave, build liquidity at.Martin: Sure.MARKET DEVELOPMENTMartin: In terms of market development, how do you perceived the offline education versus the online education, and even maybe a specific sub segments in between?Eren: If you look at the education market or the world virtually first divided by age group. Theres K-12 was a separate base, right. Second its about learning release, like education means something different for them. And theres higher education, college, maybe grad degrees, and theres lifelong learning.And lifelong learning can happen at home, youre learning for yourself, it could be at work, or it could be in some kind of institution. If you look at them, for each of the verticals theres an offline element to it, and theres an online element to it. So in K-12 for example, still dominantly offline. Theres some online movement but its very small in proportion.Lifelong learning actually is the  part where online gets a much larger chunk. Thats why we actually focus on that. And higher education is kind of small slowly transitioning, its a slow transition, its not going to happen overnight. For us, with  lifelong learning, like offline, theres some offline component, you could go to a certification program in a place, or you could  take a high end boot camp. Those tend to be really expensive and limited to a very small local.We are happy to admit that might be a better experience, so I dont claim that learning online is better than in person, because if you can find a top Stanford professor, or like an amazing person to sit next to you and give you a course directly to you, it might be better if you can access that. But its going to be 100 times more expensive than an online course. And youll be kind of limited by the time and location, so to me that education is for elite group of people in the world.And for everybody else, thats not a solution, thats why we started Udemy. So, I think on demand  and offline are sometimes used in conjunction tog ether to a hybrid learning. But for majority of people in the world, I think online education is the only viable way to get them up to speed with the skill that they need for jobs or even hobbies. I think online is the only viable way to do that.Martin: In terms of certification of a specific skill, do you think that having this kind of certification later on in the future or do you really think its just about showing people who you have the skills?Eren: This is the point where I and the rest of the market is in disagreement. A lot of companies are trying to get certification up, maybe try to raise the money, all the inventors were saying, why dont you use certification, I would only invest if theres a degree or diploma behind this.I kept saying no, does not make sense. Because people look at universities and theyre just trying to move that model while you go to the university, theres some learning there, theres a certification that you have diploma. It does work in a small constrai nt environment, but when you go to internet, things changed. You cant move things from physical world and just digitized it.So, in world of  internet, you can access a lot more people. Accessing a lot more people also make it harder to make a reputable certification. Because Stanford or Harvard has a pretty strong brand in their certification, if Harvard has 5 million students, they wouldnt be nearly as good brand. So the value of the brand of your certification and the number of people who are able to get it, they are inversely correlated. So thats why, I think if you want to help hundreds of millions of people, you cant at the same time try to create that high, strong brand in your certification.So I thought, in the world of open digital education, these 2 things should be separated. There should be companies like Udemy, whose job is only to help you learn your subject because you want to learn it for something. I dont care for what, but you want to learn a subject. I think our c ompany or other organization which feel whose job is going to be certifying that you are good at a particular skill, assessing your skill. I think trying to merge them together, will  really break the experience, it makes both parts function worst.So from that, I believe we should separate, so we never get into that. We do like course completion certificate, like light weight badge, but were not trying to make it completely a diploma. So we never thought this is critical.What we do    more often is a real life certification, which is  accepted in the market like Cisco network administration certificate, or Adobe design certificate, or Microsoft Office certificate. So we try to get, we have a lot of courses that we are preparing for those existing certifications. So people can go and take a course in Udemy to prepare themselves and they go to Cisco to get the network certificate. And Cisco network certificate will always be more valuable than a certificate that we made up.ADVICE TO E NTREPRENEURS FROM EREN BALIMartin: Lets talk about what type of advice, you can share with entrepreneurs or what type of lesson you learned. I mean in one of your startups you failed, then you work in another startup and now youre quite successful with Udemy. What are the major learning that you can share with our readers?Eren: Sure. Therere a lot. So I start what  comes to my mind first.First of all, when you build a startup, you can look at how things currently work or how other people do things. And you can just assume the world is in a certain way because it is. Thats  the wrong way. Because as an entrepreneur, you have to forget how currently the world works and say how should it work or could this work. Because there are thousands of reasons why Udemy wouldnt work. That what some investors brought up to us, and they said that they passed on us, they say this is never going to work. Because most of those reasons they were coming up with, were just how things are currently were happening. But if you kind of forget about them and you say that there are millions of people and there are also millions of experts in the world and billions of people who love to learn from them. Why wouldnt this exist?  Just starting the first principle and kind of ignoring how things are currently happening, is really important.The second part is that you need a laser focus in execution. Pretty often people try to do a lot of different things. I mean, testing a lot of things is Okay, but you have to be laser focus on what you execute. For example, for us in the beginning, we said that we need to figure out the early traction problem. We have to solve the chicken-and-egg problem. Everything we were doing was to solve that problem. And once we grow older, there was a scale problem and quality problem. So we always were very focus on what the problem we were solving. You said be focused is like a dummy advice, because people think they have to do less things, sometimes you do more things but your purpose has to be extremely clear. Thats the focus you have to be very clear.Martin: And did you already think, like when you wanted to create this kind of product market fit, in terms of what are the scaling problem or quality problems, or did you just take one problem at a time?Eren: Especially when young, we try to take, just tackle a problem at a time. Because I can admit in the first year, therere for the courses we had the quality wasnt very high. Because we were just barely trying to make the course successful, so we had to have a low barrier, but as we grew we start increasing the barrier and started really focusing in the quality. So you cant just try to  achieve  everything at the same time. That kind of change per company.If youre building a  utility tool  for example, building a network and  utility tool  are very different. If youre building a  utility tool, you have to be laser focus on the experience of users from day one. You should think, are my fir st 10 users extremely happy about this. But if youre building a network business, then the way to make your users happy is usually rely on getting the other part of the market so then you have to build a separate model. So the model changes but you kind of have a real purpose of what youre trying to achieve and try to achieve one and two things at a time.Martin: What else that you learn?Eren: I mean like so much. I think we should start with things which more like  counterintuitive side Ive learned. Because I think a lot of standard advice you hear everywhere.For example, in terms of product success, especially if you are coming from an engineer background, youre usually convinced as important are hard. Like things which are hard just seem to be important to you, because theyre hard and youre an engineer and you think because you solved it youll be having success. That might be true for school but its really untrue for business. What is really valuable and important could be somethi ng simple to you, you just need to consistently do it. For example, for us, the live education component was a lot technically harder and cooler for them because its a sexy product. We even have raised money for what its worth, but it wasnt really bringing much value for users. Were on demand, kind of crude video courses actually being valuable, and I think people were ignoring the importance of this, because it wasnt a new technological achievement.It was easier to do. And it wasnt a success for other people because they werent consistent in doing this on a lot of subjects. I still see this, people who want to get into education, they wanted to do something big and they always have cruel ideas about how to teach something. They just ignore certain things because theyre straight forward. I think the value you can provide is not like crazy, weird ideas. Its consistently doing something good and iterating step by step.Martin: Okay. Great. Do you want to share any further?Eren: Not muc h, but if youre more for  Germany, I would say,  Germany  is one of my favorite markets. I think we have a unique position to observe the learning skill of doing learning courses in different countries. We see that a lot of people are real passionate about learning and their engagement are really high for a lot of German users. So if this kind of clear that people in  Germany,  they really care about bettering themselves and learning new things. And theres a lot less age fragmentation which is also very cool to see. So were pretty happy with the demographic that we are getting from there, so well definitely double count  on  Germany  as a country.Martin: Great! Eren, thank you very much and if you want to start your own company and learn how to code, maybe look at Udemy.

Using Ketamine to Treat Depression - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 394 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Psychology Essay Level High school Tags: Depression Essay Did you like this example? I chose to read an article about depression treatment using Ketamine. Depression is highly prevalent in our nation but unfortunately its cure has yet to be found. According to Anand Matthew, approximately ten percent of Americans suffer from depression. That may not seem like a large amount but when you look at the total population of the United States which is around 327, 582, 600 and growing, then ten percent is an extremely large number. The article Ketamine as an Alternative Treatment for Treatment-Resistant Depression talks about how healthcare professionals are using Ketamine to treat depression that is resistant to antidepressants. They have found that it does help some people, but it is not a one hundred percent cure. There have been a lot of studies to find that one magic pill to cure this problem which disables people to the point where they are not able to function in the daily life. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Using Ketamine to Treat Depression" essay for you Create order They believe that some of it has to do with the amount of stress that we are under in our daily lives. The inability or the lack of resources that keep us from seeking help can push our body to the point where chronic stress and neurons are thought to atrophy, shrink, and die (Dowben, Grant, and Keltner, 2013). I worked in a place where they used such treatment and, to be honest, I am not able to state whether it is a success or a failure. It does seem to help people for a short period of time but like any other drug, it does not last, and the treatment has to be repeated. The article talks about people having psychotic, manic, or dissociative symptoms (Dowben, Grant, and Keltner, 2013). I have observed that Ketamine causes people to hallucinate, see things or creatures that are nonexistent. The article states that this drug needs to be administered under the supervision of a healthcare professional and the patients vital signs need to be monitored. Ketamine was used as one of the anesthesia medications in the place where I worked, and it is not a drug to be taken lightly. In conclusion, there is no real cure for depression at this time, but Ketamine does seem to help people that ordinary antidepressants are not able to help. I suppose they will continue to study this disease and maybe someday they will come across a complete cure for it.

The Assassination Lee Harvey Oswald Essay - 1153 Words

November 22nd 1963, twelve cars were driving slowly through Dallas, Texas. President Kennedy sat with his wife waving at the crowds of spectators when three shots were fired. President Kennedy had been shot in the back and head. The president was then rushed to the nearest hospital, four miles away. John F. Kennedy was pronounced dead at 1.30pm, just an hour after the assassination at 46 years of age. He died of a wound in the brain caused by one of the bullets. Vice President Lyndon Johnson, who had been only three cars behind the president’s vehicle uninjured was then sworn into presidency. A very short time after the assassination Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested, being accused of the assassination. In 1940 John F. Kennedy completed his thesis on ‘appeasement of munich’, which was then turned into a book called ‘why england slept’. Another of his achievements in 1940 was graduating from Harvard University with a degree in international affairs. John then went on to enlist in the navy in 1941 through to 1945. Johns political career really started in 1946 as he was elected to the United States house of representatives from massachusetts’ 11th district. In 1952 he was elected to the United States Senate. John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Bouvier married in September 1953. After receiving surgery for injuries suffered in world war two John used his recovery time to write ‘Profiles in Courage’, a book about American politics. 1957, John gained an assignment to the SenateShow MoreRelatedLee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK1453 Words   |  6 PagesLee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK A- Plan Of Investigation This investigation will answer the question: To what extent did Lee Harvey Oswald’s history predispose him to kill John F. Kennedy? To determine the extent to which childhood and previous jobs influenced Oswald to assassinate the President, the scope of the investigation will focus on Lee Harvey Oswald and his relationships with political groups. It will also examine Oswald’s youth and the actions of previous life eventsRead MoreThe Assassination Of Jfk By Lee Harvey Oswald3669 Words   |  15 PagesThe shot seen across the country. The assassination of JFK still stands today as one of the most shocking events in American history. Its had a larger impact because of the fact that it was on national television and because of its graphic nature. Since we will never know the true motive of Lee Harvey Oswald, the only thing that we could do is make our own assumptions. That is what we’ve done, which have only made things more difficult for us to grasp and have create d more conspiracy theories. IRead MoreA Brief Look at John F. Kennedy835 Words   |  4 Pagescut short by a belligerent man. John F. Kennedy or JFK would grow to become one of the United States’s smartest and youngest Presidents in history. Unfortunately for JFK his life and term as President was cut short after being assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. Although JFK did not serve a full term as President he affected our nation in many positive ways and was on the best presidents we ever had. John Fitzgerald Kennedy also known as â€Å"JFK† because of his initials was the 35th President of the UnitedRead MoreThe Assassination Of John F. Kennedy1500 Words   |  6 PagesThere is a lot of speculation about what really took place in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. Many people believe that Lee Harvey Oswald worked alone, but there are many people across the nation who think differently. Many theories can both support and disprove that Lee Harvey Oswald worked as a lone wolf in the assassination of John F. Kennedy. 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Kennedy November 22, 1963 (Jennings), a day that changed American history, and a day that’s events still haunt the nation of freedom and liberty. Whether it be Jacqueline Kennedy’s pained cries or the hoodless limousine, a piece of this day in history lies in every American’s mind. The assassination of President John F. Kennedy, the thirty-fifth President of the United States of America (Bugliosi 11), to this day has several conspiraciesRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Assassination1739 Words   |  7 PagesF Kennedy grew up in a wealthy and very political family. His assassination was a shock to many. It was a time of Cold War and the peak of US involvement in Vietnam. It is important to understand the John F. Kennedy regime including both its national and foreign policy. You also need to look into his personal life. This would help to create motives, and find the primary aspect to consider when looking into any homicide, assassination or murder. He was the first president w ho was a Boy Scout, theRead MoreThe Kennedy Assassination Essay1015 Words   |  5 PagesThe Kennedy Assassination President John F. Kennedy was travelling along a predetermined motorcade route in Dallas, Texas when he was fatally shot, receiving wounds to the chest, back, and head. Shortly after the assassination, Dallas police arrested former U.S. Marine Corps Private Lee Harvey Oswald. On November 24 of the same year, Jack Ruby, owner of a Dallas nightclub, shot Oswald. Less than a year after the two murders, on September 24, 1964, the Warren CommissionRead MoreMy Paper On Lee Harvey Oswald982 Words   |  4 Pages Based on my research, I would like to dedicate my paper to Lee Harvey Oswald. Oswald was born on October 18, 1938, in New Orleans, Louisiana. His dad died of a heart attack and later sent to an orphanage to live with his two older brothers. He was a United States Marine, who later in his life killed John F. Kennedy. He was murdered by Jack Ruby while he was in police custody and being taken to County Jail. Lee Harvey Oswald had also tried to kill right wing ex-general Edwin A. Walker but he missedRead MoreAssassination of John F Kennedy1119 Words   |  5 Pageshe was abruptly struck by two penetrating bullets in the upper back and head. Our 35th President of the United States of America had been fatally assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald, a sniper from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository Building. However, did Lee Harvey Oswald, a crazy lunatic act alone in the assassination of President Kennedy. Both first – hand knowledge and visual evidence allows people to re – examine the events of this day and prove that there were other gunmen

Animal Testing And Human Lives Free Essays

Animal testing refers to the submission of the laboratory animals (animals such as mice, rats, rabbits, guinea pigs among others) for experiments to the medical researches for instance in the drug testing and vaccine production, in testing of domestic products, industrialized chemicals, agricultural chemicals, pesticides and paints among others. The animal welfare activists have shown that animal experimenters waste both human and animal lives, as they tend to infect animals with human diseases where as their body seldom serve as good models for the human bodies. These laboratory animals have been deliberately bred for apparently boundless diversity of experimental trials in fields ranging from biological studies, psychological experiences, pharmacology, and physiology to genetic manipulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Animal Testing And Human Lives or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this paper we try to analyze the importance of using laboratory animals and if they save human lives. When we compare the two articles by Heloisa Sabin and Peggy Carlson, we see that there is a strong disagreement on the issue that â€Å"animal research saves human lives†. A great help has been achieved by animal testing in research work as seen in the production of vaccines, finding drugs for fighting diseases such as HIV and cancer and in other studies such as opening heart surgery techniques and development of organ transplant. Despite all this we can not be sure on the correlation between animal responses to a certain drug to that of man and how stress experiences in laboratory conditions affect the test results. How to cite Animal Testing And Human Lives, Papers

The Greatest Generation free essay sample

It had been a turbulant twenty years for our young American and the worst and the best weve yet to come. On December 7th 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor. Across America on that Saturday afternoon the stunning news from the radio electrified the nation and changed the lives of all who heard It. The young Americans of this time constituted a generation birth marked for greatness. A generation of Americans that would take its place in American history. It may be historically premature to Judge the greatest generation but indisputably here are common traits that cannot be denied Its a generation of towering achievement and modest demeanor. A legacy of their formative years when they were participants in and witnesses to sacrifices of the highest order. Tom Brokaw, the author of The Greatest Generation illustrates that l think this is the greatest generation any society has ever produced. We will write a custom essay sample on The Greatest Generation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page With such a bold statement, and a sweeping Judgement, since then he has restated it on my occasions. While he is periodically challenged on premise, he believes he has the tacts on his side. Yet he doesnt have facts, he has opinions that help bulld up from his foundation of hls statement. Many are from people who had lived during World War II. They tell how the war had impacted on their lives. What they think about their Generation. Martha Settle Putney stated (pg. 185) l knew when World War II approached it would be a terrible thing but afterward I was so gratefuln_lt provided opportunity Daniel Inouye believed the same thing as he stated (pg. 49) The one time the nation got ogether was World War II, We stood as one. we spoke as one, we clenched our fists as one.

Motorola Case Study Essays

Motorola Case Study Essays Motorola Case Study Paper Motorola Case Study Paper Case Study Analysis: Motorola, Inc. Upon analysis of the Motorola Corporation, many opportunities have been identified in the external environment to both boost Motorola back into elite status in terms of the phone industry and further extend its long history of technology advancement and innovation. WiMax and the potential market surrounding it present the most promising business venture for Motorola. Heavy investments have been injected into WiMax , which has enabled Motorola to have the technology readily available for vendors to roll out. With the exponential growth and need for high speed communication, especially in rural or undeveloped areas, this venture holds the potential to for a dynamic impact on the technology world. This would play a key role for industries which outsource to other countries for cheaper labor in providing the necessary communication capacity needed for efficient business operations. In the American market alone, given the federal push to provide high-speed communication to out of reach environments, the potential for success is very high. With the respective partnership with Sprint-Nextel communications and Verizon TV, it can be a major player in the market by rolling out the technology on a broad scale using the existing market base. The rapidly growing cell phone market, specifically in the Asian market, holds another strong opportunity to re-penetrate the market and once again become the leading player. The exponential growth of users opens avenues to meet different consumer need, creating niche markets with the potential to secure a large sector of the market. Improved television and sound is yet another opportunity Motorola can capitalize on. Quality transmission of digital information is one of the heaviest researched sectors in today’s market. New improvements are constantly being sought and developed to keep a competitive edge in the highly competitive industry. Some of the same opportunities pose threats if not carefully executed. Because of the rapidly changing technology environment, Motorola can be left in the shuffle by not being a front runner, essentially resulting in being viewed as a lackluster company that â€Å"once was. In the same sense, Motorola can possibly make faulty investments based off projected market favor, only to have the technology become obsolete given the rapid turnover rate of new technology. Regarding high speed data communication, the cost of technology and implementation may not prove beneficial if the areas invested in do not pick up on the technology. It becomes a gamble when new options enter t he market competing against various technologies. The loyal customer base of Apple is one of the single most threats that affect Motorola. Apple’s market share has steadily increased since the introduction of the iPhone, which counters the possibility of gaining significant momentum in the mobile communications sector. Apple has also ventured beyond computing and is currently exploring HDTV, internet, data storage, to name a few, which further adds to the threat level Apple poses. One of the most prudent strengths of the Motorola is the brand itself. Motorola has a history of innovation, competitive market presence, and resourceful business ties. The introduced what without debate one of the most popular phones of the last decade, and arguably of all time. The name has become synonymous with technology across the board. The name still holds its weight, which in turn keeps the possibility of market dominance alive. Motorola’s two-way communications technology is highly recognized and used across many industries. It has by far become the industry standard with the advanced technology, which has been incorporated into Sprint-Nextel. The strength of the company lies in its ability to create marketable products that appeal to consumers across a broad spectrum. It has being a considerable major player in the technology based sector since the technology boom began. Additionally, Motorola possess a gift for is strategically acquiring partnerships. This keeps Motorola in the front line of technology, even if it is not a direct venture by the company. Motorola’s promotional techniques have also proven to be one of their strongest attributes. The have successfully pushed multiple products into the spotlight and have secured significant market share as a result. Motorola’s weakness is its pace of technology introduction. They have slipped from being the â€Å"first† to simply being a â€Å"worthy competitor† down the line. With the RAZR, Motorola was the first to bring a slim, stylish mobile communicator with an early version of web browsing. Now, the company is taking existing technology and is using it to gain market share. The lack of recognition for uniqueness is one weakness that has kept them from there once held throne. The incorporation of the new technology smart phone and the existing two-way communications capabilities can lure buyers, specifically the corporate market, who wants the best of both. One advantage of Motorola’s strategic options is that a competitive edge can be gained by focusing on customer need. Refocusing on the customer would put Motorola in the position to directly address the needs of their customers, which in turn establishes loyalty and a â€Å"culture† with the customers. Another advantage is seeing and addressing the need for high speed data communications. The WiMax provides a viable solution, without adding the expense and time involved in installing hard lines across a vast area to meet the needs of few. Limiting the number of operating systems also helps the company, by preventing oversaturation of the brand, and having lackluster software on the devices causing brand damage. The disadvantages of the strategic options are loss of potential market because of limited operating system dealings and possible overinvestment in a product that may not take to the mass or may become obsolete by introduction of an improved product. The corporation’s strategy and organizational structure should be designed to incorporate innovation and customer needs in a sense of where it’s going or where it can be taken to as opposed to where it exist. It should be designed to take the company’s proven technology, incorporated with new technology, to create products that are stand-a-part from the current market. The company should have â€Å"heads† of the sort for each operational branch of the company. This design would allow Motorola to better isolate the successful and underachieving sectors in order to eliminate non-productive parts of the business.

How To Make a Crystal Skull

How To Make a Crystal Skull Learn how to make your own crystal skull, for Halloween, Day of the Dead, or just decorating your space. Its an easy crystal growing project that produces an interesting conversation piece. Crystal Skull Materials I choose borax to grow the crystal skull, but you could use any crystal recipe. One interesting option might be to grow a sugar crystal skull and place it in a punch bowl. boraxboiling watersmall paper skull (I got mine at Michaels craft store)bowl deep enough to hold ​the  skull Crystallize the Skull Make sure the bowl is deep enough to hold the skull.Pour boiling or very hot water into the bowl.Stir in borax until it stops dissolving. This project looks cool with clear crystals, but if you like, you can add food coloring to color the crystals of the skull.Place the skull in the bowl of crystal growing solution. Paper or cardboard skulls take a while to absorb the liquid, so the skull may float for a while. This is fine and usually resolves on its own, but you can weight down the skull with a glass or another bowl if it bobs up to much. Another option is to turn the skull periodically to make sure all surfaces get exposed to the liquid.Check the progress of crystal growth every couple of hours. You should have a nice crop of crystals within an hour to overnight, depending on how saturated your solution was and how quickly it cooled. When you are satisfied with the crystals, remove the skull and place it on a paper towel to dry.If you want even more crystals on the skull, take the crystal skull and place it in fresh solution to get a second layer of crystal growth. Make sure the new solution is saturated (no more borax will dissolve) or youll risk dissolving some crystals rather than growing more.

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of United States vs. State Essay

Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of United States vs. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company - Essay Example The issue of Modified Standard 208 by the ordinance of National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) made the incorporation of passive restraints such as air bags and passive seatbelts mandatory in all automobiles manufactured after September 1982 to ensue better public as well as occupant safety. However, before this new regulation could come into effect, a new Secretary of Transportation assumed office and the implementation of the Standard was delayed for one year. NHTSA, then, called a public hearing after reopening the rulemaking process, where forth the Modified Standard 208 was retracted. Their claim stated that the utilitarian values of air bags and passive seatbelts are no longer justifiable in automobile security given, questioning the benefits of passive restraints. However, this withdrawal of the rule indicated that the decision was not a result of the proven ineffectiveness of passive restraints but rather one based on the interests of large automobile companies . As was duly shown, a staggering 99% of the motor vehicle industry was at that time incorporating automatic seatbelts into their models that could be easily detached. Motor Vehicle Manufacturers’ Association (MVMA) of United States demanded a court review of the rulemaking on parameters less ‘arbitrary and capricious’. ... Cutler presented his argument gusto, clarity backed by relevant statistics and figures to show that the public reception of passive restraints were not only negative but that detachable seatbelts, in cases of accidents, were safer to the occupant. I find both sides were convincing and clear enough in presenting their points. The questions by the judges were crucial, and to some extent, indicated a slight incredulity towards the justification of the repealing of the restrictive regulation stipulated under Standard 208. The court was to review and issue a ruling based on whether â€Å"facts found and the choices made† were relational or truly â€Å"arbitrary and capricious†. The court ruled the facts directing the previous rescinding to be insufficient and inconclusive in indicating that passive restraints were not preventive of accidents. I believe, to an extent, the agency’s decision to rescind the Standard may have been a result of bureaucratic politics, a natur al consequence of the change of power as the new Secretary of Transportation assumed office. However, it is indubitable that the court could find no â€Å"direct evidence† to justify the retraction of the Standard 208 and was unbiased in its ruling. Impact and Significance The historical Marbury vs. Madison case of 1803 initiated a momentous change in the US legal system by establishing the ground for judicial review in assessing the constitutional applicability and integrity of legislations. The ideological and constitutional effect of the Marbury vs. Madison case has been enduring. The key importance of the MVMA versus State Farm Mutual Insurance Company lies in the fact that this case throws into sharp relief the pitfalls as well as the effectiveness of the judicial review system. It is also significant in

Shakespeare's Midsummer night's dream Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Shakespeare's Midsummer night's dream - Essay Example The two woman are treated so differently because â€Å"the feminine either rebels against the restraining social order or presides in alliance with force that challenge its hegemony romantic love ,physical nature ,the love of pleasure in all its form .†Biana rebels quietly as Kate rages and use the masculine realm of language as a weapon. Biana’s rebellion is then not seen until her sister becomes silent. Hermia , white she openly challenges her father’s authority ;does not take on a masculine role as Helena are treated with distain because they directly challenge the masculine self by adopting its features Biana and Hermia instead embody the attribute of country love , because they are off limits. Biana is unattainable because her sister will not marry and Hermia because her father wants to marry one man and the heart belonged to another. This embodiment allows them to preside over the realm of romantic love which is outside the control of masculine social order (male gaze) (Natanson

Equity of Access in the Australian Healthcare System

Equity of Access in the Australian Healthcare System The Concept of Equity of Access in the Australian Healthcare System The Australian health care system is founded on the concept of equity of Access. Discuss this Statement with relation to the concepts of Effectiveness and efficiency and any interrelation that may exist. Introduction: As Stated in National Health Reform Agreement-Equity of Access is the fundamental base of the Australian Health Care System (DHA. 2013a). Effectiveness, which focuses on ratio of outputs to outcomes and efficiency, which defines as achieving maximum outputs with available inputs or resources, these are other elementary component of the Australian Health Care System. Equity, effectiveness and efficiency these represents ideal health care system, which tends be effective and efficient and able to achieve the efficacy (specified outcomes) in a way that maximize access (distribution); Productivity (output) and outcomes within the resource provided (NHHRC. 2009. P.4). Responsibilities like funding, delivery regulation is shared by the national state government of Australia makes the Australian Health Care system universally accessible within the people (AIHW, 2000). Public hospitals community care funding is joined effort of common wealth (i.e. federal government), states territories where common wealth use its revenue and tax to fund most of hospital medical service health research (Common wealth Department of Health age care, 2000). Since 1990’s National State health Minister worked alongside of many health care professional to develop a certain Universal framework to assessing the Australian health system (NHPC, 2000). A new framework for measurement of Australian health performance was inspired from Canadian Health information Roadmap Initiative Indicator framework, which was commenced by NHPC (NHPC, 2001). Equity: Equity in health and health care with context of social objective can be defined in many different ways. As Amarty sen argued, when we talk equity we forget to ask on fundamental question ‘equity of what?’ (Sen, A.,1992). But for the context of our knowledge and study we base our understanding on the definition of culyer wagstaff, ‘the appropriate positive criteria for mormative judgement regarding equity in distribution of health and health care is equality of health status and health care access (Culyer, A.J., Wagstaff, A., 1993). By adding the equality in the process of equity gives the sense of clear fairness to the consumer. But equality is not equity; equality is just simply described as similarity of status, capacity and opportunity. Equity is an ethical value. A unequal opportunity of being healthy associated by people in socially less privileged groups such as poor people, different racial people to others native land, religious ethnic group, women and rural resident is reduced by equity in health ( Braverman, P. Gruskin, S., 2003). Further Braverman et.al stated that the equity in health pursued by eliminating disparities of health that are connected with certain social disadvantage or marginalized or disfranchised community and group within, but may not be limited to the poor. This definition argues for need for the health care services by individuals which is completely result of both of their medical condition and their social condition. As we know the problem of health care system is not only related to the inequity in health. According to Mathews, social, cultural and educational and more or less classical medical causes are related to the poor health of the indigenous Australian (Mathews, C., 2003). Equity of Access: Equity in health has been spoken and written frequently by many economist but they never tends to do or continue to do more consistently, clearly passionately. As Gavin Mooney stated, ‘equity means equal access to equal care for equal needs,’ (Gavin, M., 2003). Since 1960’s quest for equity in health has been major issue and concern to Australian health care system. The introduction of Medibank in 1975 and reinstatement as Medicare in 1984 was the most significant development in term of equity of access after the access of financial barrier (Scotton, R. B., Macdonald, C. R., 1993). The equity of health service and the consultation time frame for consumer of lower socio-economic status and consumer of high socio-economic status doesn’t shorten by breaking and disappearance of financial barrier (Furler, J.S., et.al 2002). The result in context of other dimension of equity is not good. Access of health care (both primary and hospital care) in term of geograp hical equity is significantly different between urban and rural area. Fewer doctors per 1000 population in rural Australia relative to urban area is the best example to describe the complex nature of geographic equity in simple. Rural communities considered access of specialist service, access to hospital service to be a problem due to traveling of significant distance to gain and access those service. Equity of Outcome: Environmental factor and the quality of health care provided equally affects the result of equity of outcomes. Major Policy attention is needed by the appalling health status of our Aboriginal Torres strait Islander population is one of the best example is equity of outcomes. By action in health sector will not remedied the factor Affecting health status, issue of dignity, identity and justice should be the strategy for the improvement of the health status of Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander. Reconciliation is one of the key elements required for progress further (Jackson, L.R., Ward, J.E., 1999). Efficiency: What is efficiency? According to Farrell efficiency is production of maximum amount of outputs from given amount of input or alternatively minimum input quantities producing a given amount of output (Farrell, M.J. 1957). It is referred as to a concrete goal oriented index indicating how well socially desirable health system is achieved desirable. Health Service efficiency is also considered to be great important dimension of quality health because service affordability is affected by it with the context of limited available resources in health care. Efficient service means providing optimal service and care to patient and community rather than maximum care to patient and community; it is about providing greatest benefit with available resource (Brown, L.D., et.al 1992). One of the key criteria for evaluating the health care system is efficiency. According to the economic point of view, efficiency divided into two key elements; allocative efficiency and technical efficiency. Allocative efficiency: To provide best outcomes health care system dependent on distribution and allocation of resources; technical efficiency, effectiveness and priority are involved in the process of best outcomes. The optimized ratio of outputs to outcomes, which is also known as effectiveness is the second key element of allocative efficiency. The priority setting in term of overall ratio of inputs to outcomes is the third and last element of allocative efficiency. Technical efficiency: Flexibility and adaptability to change and innovation of health care system as a whole and as its constituent elements, is known as technical efficiency. Development of casemix measure for hospital services by palmer was a unique contribution both nationally and internationally (Palmer, G.R., et al, 1986; Palmer, G.R., 1991). Over last decades significant improvement in allocative efficiency was achieved after introduction of casemix funding in Victoria in 1993 (Duckett, S.J., 1995). There have been constantly adaptations of new technologies (like drugs, surgical instrument, surgical technique and diagnostic instrument technique) since the development of Australian Health Care system. Over the decades of increase in publication and citation, Australia has been able to build up strong and dynamic medical research system (Butler, L., 2001). Comprise of allocative efficiency technical efficiency gives ‘overall efficiency’, firm can operate on cost or revenue frontier if i t’s able to achieve overall efficiency. Effectiveness: It acts as a key dimension for achieving desirable outcomes with correct provision of evidence based health care service to all who couldn’t benefit, but not to those who would not benefit (Aran, O.A., et.al 2003; WHO, 2000). Donabedian argued then effectiveness is the extent to which attainable improvements in health are in fact attained (Donabedian, A., 2002; Donabedian, A., 1982). In same way Juran Godfrey argued effectiveness to be the degree to the process which result in desired outcomes without any error (Juran, J. Godfrey, A.B., 1999). The ratio of output to outcome is optimized by effectiveness. Out of number of elements, ‘efficacy’ act as one of key component to the certain extent of which health care sector output leads to the ideal outcomes under best ideal condition (Cochrane, A.L., 1972). The major objective is to ensure the actual effectiveness (in term of ratio of outputs to actual outcomes) which helps to move closer to objective. Effectiveness is the dimension of Australian Health Care which explicitly includes time element, so we can evaluate whether the health intervention are primarily achieve the desired and appropriate outcome within the time frame. The interventions are the care must be provided to people most needed is advocated and supported by effectiveness framework. Early detection and prevention performance within a population area is the indicators for the effectiveness. Effectiveness conceptualize framework of health care system as dimension of performance where â€Å"care/intervention/action† achieves the desired result in an appropriate time frame (NHPC, 2001). Norms and specification at central level defines effectiveness to be an important dimension of quality. Effectiveness issue should be handle in local level too, where manager implement norms and work on how to adapt them to local condition. Actual outcomes (effectiveness) for an intervention or system is affected by numerous factor like the care system design, surrounding environment of discharge patient, safety of device manufactured pharmaceuticals used and care quality. Proof of evidence of significant level of preventable adverse events occurring in hospital leading to drastic outcomes can be provided by the quality in Australian health care study (Wilson, R.M.et al., 1995). As stated by McDermott, it is suggested that large number of death related to trauma can be preventable or potentially are preventable, which is has be documented after analysis of care following trauma (McDermott, F.T.et al., 1996). These study shows that there are important effectiveness issues in Australian healthcare system with respect to quality of care and it can be described as inability to provide high-quality care. Interaction between equity, efficiency and effectiveness: The concept of equity, effectiveness and efficiency in term of health input and its outcomes are internationally tackle by WHO and OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) to reflect an economic way of thinking. Due to growing concern about safety, service delivery and quality of patient care there have been interesting trends of implicit and explicit link between the concept of equity, efficiency and effectiveness, which is understandable (Berwick, D.M., 1998). As we know second element of allocative efficiency is optimized ration of outputs to outcomes which is also known as effectiveness. Which shows that efficiency and effectiveness are linked and interacted? After the implementation of equity, sick individuals who seek help have their need meet. The value of treatment provided by health service organization is equally distributed to the people in need. With the equity you are not judge or treated and cared on the basis of your fame, fortune, you ability to p ay. When the resource is equally distributes between the need of people then equity taken an affect and when there is the equity then we can evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the health care service of that organization or of any country. Conclusion: Health policy where attributes and value plays prominent role, ideological driven problem related to it are inevitable as part of the policy. Perception of problem is affected by attributes and value which plays significant role in policy academics so as to attempt to shape public debate for making rational and reality based perception. There are many problem identified in the context of equity of access in the Australian healthcare system based on efficiency and effectiveness by many writers like Palmer, Wilson, McDermott, Jackson wards, Farrell and many more; even the solution to that problem have been presented by them but we haven’t yet identify the problem and adopted the solution presented by them. 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